Mushkovic BIOLOGY   -   Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems

What is the primary function of myoglobin in muscle cells?

Myoglobin is an oxygen-binding protein in muscle cells that stores oxygen and releases it during periods of high metabolic demand, ensuring a continuous supply of oxygen for aerobic respiration.
Mushkovic BIOLOGY   -   Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems

In a hypothetical organism, a mutation in the gene encoding for histone H1 results in defective chromatin structure. Which cellular process would most likely be affected?

Histone H1 is involved in the packaging of DNA into chromatin. Defective chromatin structure would most directly affect DNA replication, as tightly packed chromatin must be loosened to allow replication machinery access to the DNA.
Mushkovic BIOLOGY   -   Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems

Which metabolic pathway directly produces NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate?

The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH for anabolic reactions and ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis, without directly producing ATP.
Mushkovic BIOLOGY   -   Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems

What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in animal cells?

The sodium-potassium pump actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, which is crucial for maintaining the resting membrane potential and cell volume.
Mushkovic BIOLOGY   -   Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems

Which of the following is a correct statement about the function of ribosomes?

Ribosomes are the cellular structures where translation occurs, converting the genetic information in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids to form proteins.
Mushkovic BIOLOGY   -   Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems

What is the role of the enzyme DNA ligase in DNA replication?

DNA ligase is responsible for joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand by sealing the nicks in the sugar-phosphate backbone, ensuring the DNA is continuous.
Mushkovic BIOLOGY   -   Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems

Which organelle is primarily responsible for the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation?

The mitochondrion is known as the powerhouse of the cell, where ATP is produced through oxidative phosphorylation during cellular respiration.
Mushkovic BIOLOGY   -   Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems

In the central dogma of molecular biology, which process involves the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template?

Transcription is the process where an RNA molecule is synthesized from a DNA template, following the base pairing rules.
Mushkovic BIOLOGY   -   Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems

Which of the following statements about the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes is correct?

The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as a flexible structure where lipids and proteins can move laterally within the layer, contributing to the membrane's fluidity.
Mushkovic BIOLOGY   -   Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems

During glycolysis, which molecule is directly converted into pyruvate?

Glycolysis converts glucose into two molecules of pyruvate through a series of steps. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is an intermediate that is directly converted into pyruvate in the later stages of glycolysis.

BIOLOGY