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The Soviet Theory of the press emerged from Marxist-Leninist ideology after the 1917 Russian Revolution. Its key features are:
- Closely tied to communist ideology β media is an instrument of the state/party
- Media functions as a collective agitator, propagandist, and educator in building communism (Lenin's phrase)
- No private ownership of media β all media belongs to the state or party
- The government is superior to media institutions
- Media is expected to be serious and purposeful
Full editorial autonomy for journalists is a feature of the Libertarian Theory, which is the direct opposite of the Soviet approach. Under Soviet theory, media professionals are instruments of the state's ideological goals β they have no independent editorial authority. The Soviet Theory does, however, propose a positive role for media: not merely reinforcing authority (as in Authoritarianism), but actively building a new communist society.
Classroom rules establish clear expectations — they communicate exactly what behavior is acceptable and what is not. This clarity reduces ambiguity, helps students self-regulate, and creates a consistent, fair classroom environment.
Correct Answer: C — Expectations.
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