A column is a vertical structural member that transfers compressive loads (from floors, roof, beams) downward to the foundation.

• Columns work primarily in axial compression.
• A beam is a horizontal member that carries loads in bending and shear.
• A slab is a flat horizontal plate transferring loads to beams/walls.
• A lintel is a horizontal beam over an opening (door, window) carrying the load above it.

In architectural design, column proportioning and spacing (bay size) fundamentally shapes the spatial layout of a building.