Pakistan's industrial growth has been simultaneously constrained by all three factors: (1) a skills mismatch — low-quality technical and vocational education produces insufficient skilled manpower; (2) energy shortages — load-shedding and high electricity/gas tariffs significantly raise the cost of doing business; and (3) infrastructure deficits — poor road networks, congested ports, and inadequate industrial estates reduce competitiveness. Together they explain Pakistan's deindustrialisation trends.