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CSS Economics of Pakistan P-II QUESTION #1718
Question 1
Given Pakistan's current fossil-fuel-dominated energy mix, low per capita income, large informal economy, and governance deficits, which Sustainable Development Goal presents the most multidimensionally challenging target for the country to achieve?
  • SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy — transitioning to renewable energy while ensuring universal affordable access
  • SDG 13: Climate Action — meeting emissions reduction and climate adaptation commitments
  • SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth — sustaining inclusive growth and full employment in a fragile economy
  • All of these✔️
Correct Answer Explanation
Pakistan faces intersecting challenges across all three SDGs simultaneously: (1) SDG 7 — the energy mix is fossil-fuel dependent, millions lack electricity access, and renewable transition requires massive capital unavailable domestically; (2) SDG 13 — Pakistan is among the top 10 most climate-vulnerable countries (Germanwatch index) yet contributes less than 1% of global emissions, creating an adaptation-mitigation dilemma; (3) SDG 8 — youth unemployment (26%+), informality (73% of employment), and low productivity growth make decent work targets extremely difficult. All three are simultaneously and acutely challenging.