The Constitution of Medina (Misaq-e-Madina or Sahifah al-Medina) was the first written constitution in Islamic history, drafted by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) upon his arrival in Medina in 622 CE. This groundbreaking document established the rights and duties of Muslims, Jews, and other communities in Medina, created a multi-religious Islamic state, and outlined principles of justice, mutual defense, and religious freedom—making it one of the earliest constitutional documents in world history.