Correct Answer: B — Health Promotion Model

Pender's Health Promotion Model (HPM, 1982; revised 1996) is grounded in social cognitive theory and emphasizes positive health behaviors rather than disease avoidance.

Key components of the HPM:

• Individual Characteristics and Experiences: Prior behavior, personal factors (biological, psychological, sociocultural)
• Behavior-Specific Cognitions and Affect: Perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived self-efficacy, activity-related affect, interpersonal and situational influences
• Behavioral Outcome: Commitment to a plan of action → Health-promoting behavior

The HPM is widely used by Charge and Head Nurses in patient education, community health programs, and chronic disease management to motivate patients toward healthier lifestyles.