Correct Answer: B — 21 nursing problems

Faye Abdellah (1960) identified 21 nursing problems that shifted nursing focus from disease-centered to patient-centered care. These 21 problems are grouped into three categories:

1. Physical, sociological, and emotional needs of the patient
2. Types of interpersonal relationships between nurse and patient
3. Common elements of patient care

Examples of Abdellah's 21 problems include:

• Maintaining good hygiene and physical comfort
• Facilitating oxygen supply
• Maintaining good nutrition
• Identifying and accepting positive and negative expressions, feelings, and reactions

Abdellah's work was pioneering in developing nursing as a profession distinct from medicine and contributed to curriculum development in nursing education.