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Qanoon-e-Shahadat QUESTION #9696
Question 1
Under Article 114, the doctrine of estoppel applies when a person has intentionally caused another to believe something and act on it. Which element is NOT required for estoppel?
  • Declaration, act or omission by the representor
  • The other person believed the representation to be true
  • The other person acted upon such belief
  • The representor received financial benefit✔️
Correct Answer Explanation
Article 114 requires: (1) declaration/act/omission, (2) intentionally causing another to believe a thing, and (3) the other person acting on that belief. Financial benefit to the representor is not a requirement.