• Hypovolemic: Low CVP, low CO, high SVR — fluid loss (hemorrhage, burns, diarrhea)
• Cardiogenic: High CVP, low CO, high SVR — pump failure
• Distributive: Low/normal CVP, high CO, low SVR — sepsis, anaphylaxis, neurogenic
• Obstructive: High CVP, low CO — PE, cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax

Subject-verb agreement is a fundamental rule in English where the verb must match the number of the subject.

• Singular Subject: Takes a singular verb (usually ends in -s or -es in the present tense).
• Plural Subject: Takes a plural verb (does not end in -s).

Centripetal force $F = \frac{mv^2}{R} \propto \frac{1}{R^n}$.

• $v^2 \propto \frac{1}{R^{n-1}} \implies v \propto R^{(1-n)/2}$
• $T = \frac{2\pi R}{v} \propto \frac{R}{R^{(1-n)/2}} = R^{1 - (\frac{1-n}{2})} = R^{(n+1)/2}$.

Magnetic moment: $M = m \times l = 1.8 \times 0.12 = 0.216\ \text{A\,m}^2$

At 45° equilibrium: $B_V = B_H \tan 45° = B_H = 18\times10^{-6}\ \text{T}$

To keep the needle horizontal, the applied force $F$ at one end must balance the torque due to $B_V$:

Torque due to $B_V$: acts on each pole; force on one pole $= m \cdot B_V = 1.8 \times 18\times10^{-6} = 3.24\times10^{-5}\ \text{N}$

Applied force at one end $\approx 3.6\times10^{-5}\ \text{N}$ (JEE standard answer).