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Constructivism holds that learners build their own understanding and knowledge through their experiences, and then reflect on those experiences. Key theorists include Piaget and Vygotsky. Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and stimulus-response patterns, while Realism is a philosophical stance about the nature of the external world.
Correct Answer: C — Constructivism.
Find the oxidation states of Cr in $[\text{Cr(H}_2\text{O)}_6]\text{Cl}_3$, $[\text{Cr(C}_6\text{H}_6)_2]$, and $\text{K}_2[\text{Cr(CN)}_2(\text{O})_2(\text{O}_2)(\text{NH}_3)]$ respectively.
$[\text{Cr(H}_2\text{O)}_6]\text{Cl}_3$: H$_2$O is neutral, Cl$^-$ is $-1$, complex has charge 3+. So Cr = +3.
$[\text{Cr(C}_6\text{H}_6)_2]$: Benzene is a neutral ligand (0 charge). Complex is neutral. So Cr = 0.
$\text{K}_2[\text{Cr(CN)}_2(\text{O})_2(\text{O}_2)(\text{NH}_3)]$: K$^+$ gives $+2$ outside; complex ion has $-2$ charge. CN$^-$ ($-1$ each, $2\times-1=-2$); O$^{2-}$ ($-2$ each, $2\times-2=-4$); O$_2^{2-}$ (peroxo, $-2$); NH$_3$ (0). Let Cr = $x$: $x + (-2) + (-4) + (-2) + 0 = -2 \Rightarrow x - 8 = -2 \Rightarrow x = +6$.
Oxidation states: +3, 0, +6.
According to the text, approximately what proportion of jobs eliminated in the 1990s were supervisory/middle management positions?
The text explicitly states that it is estimated that two-thirds ($\frac{2}{3}$) of the jobs eliminated in the 1990s were supervisory/middle management jobs, reflecting the flattening of organizational structures.
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