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Biology Zoology Botany QUESTION #1371

Which scientist is known for developing the concept of genetic drift?

Gregor Mendel
Sewall Wright✔️
Charles Darwin
Alfred Russel Wallace

Correct Answer Logic:

Sewall Wright (1889–1988) was the American geneticist and population biologist who developed and formalised the concept of genetic drift (also called the Sewall Wright effect). He showed that random fluctuations in allele frequencies in small populations can cause significant changes in gene frequency over time, independent of natural selection.

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Commerce QUESTION #1207

Question 3982

A manufacturing company is considering whether to produce in-house or outsource production. Relevant costs for this decision include:

Fixed costs of the company.
Historical costs of production.
Direct variable costs and outsourcing costs.✔️
Total costs incurred in the prior year.

Correct Answer Logic:

In a make-or-buy (outsourcing) decision, only relevant (incremental/differential) costs matter. These include direct variable costs of in-house production and the cost of outsourcing. Fixed costs that remain unchanged regardless of the decision are irrelevant. Historical (sunk) costs are also irrelevant as they cannot be changed.

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English QUESTION #2667

Question 3983

Choose the word opposite in meaning to: 'TRANSPARENT'

Clear
Opaque✔️
Bright
Fragile

Correct Answer Logic:

'Transparent' allows light to pass through; 'opaque' does not.

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Mechanical Engineering QUESTION #2514

Question 3984

For a beam under pure bending, the assumption that plane sections remain plane (Euler-Bernoulli hypothesis) implies that:

Shear strain across the section is constant
Normal strain varies linearly with distance from the neutral axis✔️
Shear stress is zero everywhere
Normal stress is uniform across the cross-section

Correct Answer Logic:

The Euler-Bernoulli hypothesis leads directly to a linear strain distribution: $\varepsilon = -y/\rho$, where $y$ is distance from the neutral axis and $\rho$ is the radius of curvature. This produces the linear bending stress distribution $\sigma = -My/I$.

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Paper-I (Anatomy/Physiology and Biochemistry/Microbiology) QUESTION #3317

Question 3985

'Drug Resistance' in bacteria is often spread through the exchange of:

Mitochondria
Plasmids (Extrachromosomal DNA)✔️
Ribosomes
Capsules

Correct Answer Logic:

Plasmids often carry 'R-factors' that provide resistance to multiple antibiotics.

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Boilers Mechanical Engineering QUESTION #4041

Question 3986

'Safety Factor' in boiler design means the boiler is built:

To fail at the working pressure
Stronger than the required working pressure to account for uncertainties✔️
With only one valve
By a famous company

Correct Answer Logic:

A safety factor of $4$ means the metal can withstand $4$ times the working pressure before failing.

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Physics QUESTION #4410

Question 3987

Mechanical waves cannot travel through outer space because they:

Have low speed in vacuum
Disperse in space due to long wavelength
Lose frequency in the absence of air
Lose transmission without interacting particles✔️

Correct Answer Logic:

Mechanical waves (sound, seismic waves) require a material medium (particles) to propagate — they transfer energy through the vibration of particles. In outer space (vacuum), there are no particles to interact with, so mechanical waves cannot travel.

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Reading and Writing (Module-1) QUESTION #5452

Question 3988

Notes: Haudenosaunee Confederacy (1,000-year alliance of six nations, Great Law of Peace). Bruce Johansen believes Great Law influenced US Constitution (influence theory). Which choice presents this theory to an unfamiliar audience?

Bruce Johansen believes the Great Law was very influential.
Influence theory is supported by Franklin and Jefferson studying the Confederacy.
Influence theory holds that principles of the Great Law of Peace, a centuries-old agreement binding six Native nations in the northeastern US, influenced the US Constitution.✔️
Native people influenced US founding in many ways.

Correct Answer Logic:

Option C clearly defines the theory and explains the Great Law for an unfamiliar audience.

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Chemistry QUESTION #5577

Question 3989

Which of the following compounds gives a positive silver mirror test (Tollens' test)?

Acetone
Formaldehyde
Benzophenone
Acetaldehyde✔️

Correct Answer Logic:

Tollens' test (silver mirror test) is positive for aldehydes, which are oxidized to carboxylate ions while $Ag^+$ is reduced to metallic silver. Acetaldehyde ($CH_3CHO$) is an aldehyde → positive. Acetone and benzophenone are ketones (do not respond to Tollens'). Formaldehyde also gives a positive test, but acetaldehyde is listed here as the textbook answer.

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Dairy Food Science and Technology QUESTION #5936

Question 3990

The purpose of 'aging' (tempering) cream at $8\text{–}13^{\circ}\text{C}$ before churning in butter production is to:

Increase the cream's water content
Promote partial crystallization of fat into stable polymorphic crystal forms ($\beta'$) to facilitate efficient churning and improve butter texture✔️
Lower the cream's viscosity for better separation
Allow lactose to ferment producing diacetyl

Correct Answer Logic:

Cream tempering involves temperature cycling to promote formation of stable $\beta'$ and $\beta$ polymorphic crystal forms of triglycerides. Properly crystallized fat churns efficiently and produces butter with good texture, spreadability, and body.

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English QUESTION #2671

Question 3991

Choose the correct meaning of the idiom: 'Once in a blue moon'

Frequently
Rarely✔️
Every night
In the morning

Correct Answer Logic:

It refers to an event that happens very infrequently.

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Paper-I (Anatomy/Physiology and Biochemistry/Microbiology) QUESTION #3383

Question 3992

'Atherosclerosis' is primarily associated with high levels of which lipoprotein?

HDL
LDL✔️
Chylomicrons
VLDL

Correct Answer Logic:

LDL is often called 'bad cholesterol' because it deposits fat in arterial walls.

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Mechanical Engineering QUESTION #2495

Question 3993

Hooke's Law in shear relates shear stress $\tau$ and shear strain $\gamma$ via the modulus of rigidity $G$. The relationship between $E$, $G$, and Poisson's ratio $\nu$ is:

$E = G(1 + \nu)$
$E = 2G(1 - \nu)$
$E = 2G(1 + \nu)$✔️
$E = G/(2\nu)$

Correct Answer Logic:

From elasticity theory, the three elastic constants are related by $E = 2G(1+\nu)$. For steel: $E \approx 207$ GPa, $G \approx 79.3$ GPa, $\nu \approx 0.292$.

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Paper-I (Anatomy/Physiology and Biochemistry/Microbiology) QUESTION #3510

Question 3994

Substituting a genuine drug with look-alike exhausted or exhausted materials is called:

Sophistication
Admixture
Substitution✔️
Deterioration

Correct Answer Logic:

Substitution is the replacement of the original with something totally different or inferior.

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Pakistan Affairs QUESTION #594

Question 3995

In his educational endeavours Abdul Ghaffar Khan was inspired by:

Mahatma Gandhi
Haji Sahib of Turangzai✔️
Allama Muhmmad Iqbal
None of These

Correct Answer Logic:

He was deeply influenced by the religious and social reformer Haji Sahib of Turangzai.

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English QUESTION #2792

Question 3996

Which is the CORRECTLY SPELLED word?

Neccessary
Necesary
Neccesary
Necessary✔️

Correct Answer Logic:

The correct spelling is 'Necessary' — one 'c' and double 's'. A helpful mnemonic: a shirt has one Collar (1 c) and two Sleeves (2 s's) — so 'necessary' has 1 'c' and 2 's'.

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Biology Zoology Botany QUESTION #1373

Question 3997

Which type of pollination involves the transfer of pollen by wind?

Hydrophily
Anemophily✔️
Entomophily
Zoophily

Correct Answer Logic:

Anemophily is pollination by wind. Wind-pollinated plants (e.g., grasses, conifers, oak) typically produce large quantities of light, smooth, dry pollen; have reduced or absent petals; lack nectar and scent; and have feathery stigmas to catch airborne pollen. Hydrophily = water, Entomophily = insects, Zoophily = animals (including birds and bats).

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Urdu QUESTION #5178

Question 3998

رسالہ فنون کے مدیر کون تھے؟

احمد ندیم قاسمی✔️
مشتاق یوسفی
عطاء الحق قاسمی
ان میں سے کوئی نہیں

Correct Answer Logic:

رسالہ فنون احمد ندیم قاسمی کی ادارت میں شائع ہوتا تھا۔

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Professional QUESTION #1864

Question 3999

Under Rule 12, what type of experience is prescribed for initial appointment unless otherwise specified?

Pre-qualification experience
Total work experience
Post-qualification experience✔️
Government service experience only

Correct Answer Logic:

The proviso to Rule 12 states that unless otherwise specified, the experience prescribed for initial appointment shall be the post-qualification experience.

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Urdu QUESTION #5033

Question 4000

علامہ اقبال کی کس فارسی کتاب کا دیباچہ اردو میں ہے؟

ارمغانِ حجاز✔️
پیامِ مشرق
ضربِ کلیم
ان میں سے کوئی نہیں

Correct Answer Logic:

علامہ اقبال کی فارسی کتاب 'ارمغانِ حجاز' کا دیباچہ اردو زبان میں لکھا گیا ہے۔

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