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Birth-related Brachial Plexus Injuries:
| Type | Nerve Roots | Presentation | Cause |
|---|---|---|---|
| Erb's Palsy | C5, C6 | 'Waiter's tip': arm adducted, internally rotated, elbow extended, wrist pronated, fingers flexed | Shoulder dystocia (excessive lateral neck traction) |
| Klumpke's Palsy | C8, T1 | Claw hand deformity (intrinsic hand muscles paralyzed); Horner's syndrome if T1 root avulsed | Arm hyperabduction during delivery |
| Total Plexus Palsy | C5โT1 | Flail arm, complete paralysis | Severe traction |
'Waiter's tip' = Erb's Palsy (C5โC6). Absent Moro on the affected side (normal Moro requires shoulder abduction/external rotation via C5โC6).
Nursing management:
- Gentle range of motion exercises after 7โ10 days
- Proper positioning (avoid abduction)
- Physiotherapy referral
- Most recover spontaneously in 3โ6 months
- EMG/nerve conduction at 3 months if no improvement
- Surgical repair (nerve grafting) if no recovery by 3โ9 months
The position of a particle is described by $x = 8 + 12t - t^3$ (metres, seconds). The retardation when velocity becomes zero is:
$v = \dfrac{dx}{dt} = 12 - 3t^2$. Setting $v = 0$: $t^2 = 4 \Rightarrow t = 2\text{ s}$
$a = \dfrac{dv}{dt} = -6t$. At $t = 2\text{ s}$: $a = -12\text{ m/s}^2$
Retardation $= \mathbf{12\text{ m/s}^2}$
Which philosopher proposed the concept of 'General Will'?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau's 'The Social Contract' centers on the General Will of the people.
The sentence acknowledges Boswell as the first great modern biographer, but suggests a similar claim could be made for Johnson. The blank must refer to the same distinction โ being first in time or importance.
- Partisanship โ means bias or strong support for one side; irrelevant here.
- Omniscience โ means all-knowing; not the subject of the sentence.
- Precedence โ means the state of coming before others. If Johnson also wrote a biography earlier, a claim of precedence (being first) could be made for him too. This fits perfectly.
- Opportunism โ means taking selfish advantage of situations; unrelated.
Correct Answer: C — Precedence. The sentence questions who truly came first as a great modern biographer.
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