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The textbook provides an extensive list of pre-independence Urdu newspapers that supported the freedom struggle: Khilafat, Siasat, Ujala, Taj, Roznama-e-Hind, Ajmal, Hilal, Milap, Partap, Tej, Qaumi Awaz, Jung, Anjam, Inqualab, Nawa-e-Waqt, Hindustan, Aftab, Jumhuriat, Iqbal, and many others. Key figures include:
- Zameendar (1903, Lahore): Circulation of 30,000, actively supported the freedom struggle, first newspaper to use news agency sources
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad started Al-Hilal (1912) โ became the largest circulated newspaper after Zameendar
- Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar started Hamdard (1912)
- Jawaharlal Nehru started Qaumi Awaz from Lucknow (1945)
The press thus functioned as the primary instrument of political mobilisation, consciousness-raising, and resistance against colonial rule โ embodying the Libertarian ideal of media as a watchdog and social change agent.
#,##0.00;-#,##0.00;0;@, the first part applies to positive values. Hemoglobin is a protein with which structural level?
Hemoglobin has four polypeptide chains (two ฮฑ, two ฮฒ), each with tertiary structure, assembled into quaternary structure.
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