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By definition, planning is a forward-looking activity. It anticipates future needs, challenges, and goals, and prepares the organization to meet them. Planning is always oriented toward the future — creating conditions for desired outcomes yet to come.
Correct Answer: C — Future.
Key definitions in screening test evaluation:
| Term | Formula | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Sensitivity | \\frac{\\text{True Positives}}{\\text{True Positives} + \\text{False Negatives}} \\times 100 | Correctly identifies those WITH disease (detects true cases) |
| Specificity | \\frac{\\text{True Negatives}}{\\text{True Negatives} + \\text{False Positives}} \\times 100 | Correctly identifies those WITHOUT disease |
| PPV | \\frac{\\text{True Positives}}{\\text{All Positives}} \\times 100 | Proportion of positive tests that are truly positive |
| NPV | \\frac{\\text{True Negatives}}{\\text{All Negatives}} \\times 100 | Proportion of negative tests that are truly negative |
In the figure, the areas of the two shaded regions of the circle are equal.
Compare:
Column A: The area of unshaded region $A$ of the circle
Column B: The area of unshaded region $B$ of the circle
The two chords divide the circle into four regions. Let the two shaded regions have equal area $S$ each, so total shaded area $= 2S$.
Total circle area $= 2S + \text{(unshaded A)} + \text{(unshaded B)}$.
By the symmetry of the two intersecting chords and the equal shaded areas, the two unshaded regions must also be equal to each other. Therefore the area of unshaded region $A$ equals the area of unshaded region $B$, and the two quantities are equal.
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