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Muslims conquered Spain in 711 CE under the leadership of Tariq bin Ziyad. He crossed the Strait of Gibraltar (named after him: Jabal Tariq) and defeated the Visigothic Kingdom. Muslim rule in Spain lasted for nearly 800 years, bringing great advancement in science, art, and architecture.

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Journalism / Mass Communication QUESTION #6414

Question 1624

Which of the following BEST describes the historical significance of block printing originating in China (Diamond Sutra, 868 AD) versus Gutenberg's movable type press (1440s)?

Block printing was a faster technique than movable type, so Gutenberg's press was actually a step backward
Block printing was the original method (pressing paper onto individually carved wooden blocks) — used for centuries in China; Gutenberg's innovation was the first widespread use of MOVABLE type (separate, reusable characters), combined with oil-based ink and rag paper, creating a far more efficient system for alphabetic languages✔️
Both techniques are identical — the Diamond Sutra was printed using movable type identical to Gutenberg's
Movable type was invented by Gutenberg without any knowledge of Chinese printing technology

Correct Answer Logic:

The textbook carefully distinguishes two phases of printing history:

Block Printing: The original Chinese method — carving an entire page's content into a single wooden block, then pressing paper onto it. The earliest known printed text using this method is the Diamond Sutra, a Buddhist scripture, printed in China in 868 AD. The disadvantage: a new block must be carved for every different page — extremely time-consuming.
Movable Type: Invented by Bi Sheng in China around 1041 AD using clay type. Gutenberg (1440s Germany) independently refined it using durable metal type, oil-based ink, and rag paper (paper introduced to Europe from China via Muslim trade routes). Gutenberg is credited because he created the first commercially practical and widely adopted system for European alphabetic languages.

Gutenberg's press was not entirely novel — it built on Chinese and Korean innovations — but its adaptation for the Latin alphabet and its commercial viability made it a historical turning point.

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Physics and Math QUESTION #779

Question 1625

When $f(x) = \sin x$ and $x = 0$, then slope will be:

1✔️
-1
2

Correct Answer Logic:

Slope = $f'(x) = \cos x$. At $x = 0$: $\cos 0 = 1$.

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Pakistan Affairs QUESTION #9061

Question 1626

The province of Pakistan with the longest coastline is:

Sindh
Balochistan✔️
Punjab
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Correct Answer Logic:

Balochistan has the longest coastline (about 750 km).

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Pakistan Affairs QUESTION #9121

Question 1627

May 28th is celebrated as 'Yaum-e-Takbeer' in Pakistan because of which event?

Start of Kargil conflict
Successful nuclear tests (Youm-e-Takbeer)✔️
Ojhi Camp tragedy
Uprising in Kashmir

Correct Answer Logic:

May 28, 1998, Pakistan conducted nuclear tests.

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MCQs Section QUESTION #4875

Question 1628

Correct antonym of "DEMOGRAPHIC" is

Relating to the study of population
Demons
Communications
Government✔️

Correct Answer Logic:

Demographic relates to the structure of a population. Among the options, 'government' represents a contrasting concept focusing on political authority rather than population data.

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Library Sciences QUESTION #1565

Question 1629

Which protocol enables interoperability between different library systems by allowing one system to query the catalogues of another using a standard search interface?

HTTP
FTP
Z39.50✔️
SMTP

Correct Answer Logic:

Z39.50 is a client-server protocol that enables one library system (client) to search and retrieve records from another system's database (server) using a standardized interface. It is fundamental to union catalogue searching, shared cataloguing, and federated search systems.

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Physics and Math QUESTION #775

Question 1630

If eccentricity $e > 1$, then the figure is:

Ellipse
Parabola
Circle
Hyperbola✔️

Correct Answer Logic:

For conic sections: $e = 0$ circle, $0 < e < 1$ ellipse, $e = 1$ parabola, $e > 1$ hyperbola.

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Paper-II (Pharmacology and Social Behaviour, Law & Ethics and Computer Sciences) QUESTION #5806

Question 1631

If a drug is labeled with the name of another drug, it is classified as:

Substandard
Spurious
Misbranded✔️
Adulterated

Correct Answer Logic:

Using another drug's name is a form of misbranding[cite: 7].

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General Science and Ability QUESTION #259

Question 1632

In dementia a person:

Loses weight
Loses thinking and writing
Loses thinking, remembering, and reasoning✔️
All of these

Correct Answer Logic:

Dementia is a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life.+2

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Civil Engineering QUESTION #6590

Question 1633

A continuous beam covering two spans is to be analysed using the stiffness matrix method, with two nodes assigned per element. The order of the resulting structural stiffness matrix will be:

2×2
4×4
6×6✔️
12×12

Correct Answer Logic:

With 2 spans (2 elements) and 2 nodes per element, there are 3 unique nodes. Each beam node has 2 DOFs (vertical displacement and rotation), giving $3 \times 2 = 6$ DOFs. Structural stiffness matrix order $= 6 \times 6$.

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Disaster Management QUESTION #6542

Question 1634

Which governance structure most effectively operationalizes the three-tier disaster management system envisioned in Pakistan's DM Act 2010?

Centralized NDMA decision-making
Decentralized authority with empowered DDMAs, devolved resources, and vertical/horizontal coordination mechanisms✔️
Provincial autonomy without federal coordination
International agency management

Correct Answer Logic:

Sections 4.1 and 4.3 emphasize decentralization with empowered districts, devolved resources, and strong coordination mechanisms. The three-tier system (NDMA-PDMA-DDMA) succeeds when districts have authority and resources while maintaining coordination across levels.

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Paper-I (Anatomy/Physiology and Biochemistry/Microbiology) QUESTION #3196

Question 1635

'Tidal Volume' (TV) is defined as the volume of air:

Breathed in and out during a normal breath✔️
Remaining in lungs after forced expiration
Breathed in during maximal effort
The total capacity of the lungs

Correct Answer Logic:

Normal tidal volume is approximately $500\text{ ml}$.

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Chemistry QUESTION #7155

Question 1636

Identify the correct statements regarding silicones from the following: (a) They are hydrophobic polymers. (b) They are biocompatible. (c) They possess high thermal stability but low dielectric strength. (d) They are oxidation-resistant and used as greases.

(a), (b), (c) and (d)
(a), (b), and (c) only
(a) and (b) only
(a), (b) and (d) only✔️

Correct Answer Logic:

Silicones are organosilicon polymers.

They are hydrophobic due to alkyl groups.
They are biocompatible and used in medical implants.
They have high thermal stability and high dielectric strength (statement 'c' is incorrect because it says low dielectric strength).
They are resistant to oxidation and chemicals.

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HR and Management QUESTION #6473

Question 1637

The interrelationship of HR functions suggests that:

HR functions operate independently in silos
HR functions are interconnected and affect each other✔️
Some HR functions are more important than others
HR functions can be eliminated without consequences

Correct Answer Logic:

HR functions are interconnected - staffing affects training needs; training affects performance; performance affects compensation; compensation affects retention; retention affects staffing. Effective HRM requires understanding and managing these interdependencies.

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Education QUESTION #1492

Question 1638

The National Education Policy of 1972 nationalized all private educational institutions on:

January 1, 1970
March 23, 1971
October 1, 1972✔️
August 14, 1973

Correct Answer Logic:

According to the National Education Policy 1972–1980, all privately managed institutions were nationalized on October 1, 1972. The owners were paid no money or compensation.

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Verbal Reasoning QUESTION #8108

Question 1639

In a certain shop, notebooks that normally sell for 59 cents each are on sale at 2 for 99 cents. How much can be saved by purchasing 10 of these notebooks at the sale price?

$\$0.85$
$\$0.95$✔️
$\$1.10$
$\$1.15$

Correct Answer Logic:

Normal price for 10 notebooks: $10 \times 59\text{¢} = 590\text{¢} = \$5.90$

Sale: 2 notebooks for 99¢, so 10 notebooks cost $5 \times 99\text{¢} = 495\text{¢} = \$4.95$

Savings $= \$5.90 - \$4.95 = \$0.95$

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The Elections Act 2017 QUESTION #9440

Question 1640

Under Section 85, when a voter finds that another person has already voted in his name and he applies for a ballot paper, a 'Tendered Ballot Paper' is issued. The key distinction is how it is deposited — it is placed:

Into the regular ballot box in the same manner as ordinary votes
Into a separate packet labeled 'Tendered Ballot Papers' and not in the ballot box✔️
Held by the Presiding Officer until the voting is challenged before a tribunal
Counted immediately at the polling station by the Presiding Officer

Correct Answer Logic:

Section 85(2) states: 'The Presiding Officer shall, after the voter has marked and folded the Tendered Ballot Paper, place it in the same condition in a separate packet bearing the label 'Tendered Ballot Papers' instead of being placed in the ballot box.'

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