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The textbook carefully distinguishes two phases of printing history:
- Block Printing: The original Chinese method โ carving an entire page's content into a single wooden block, then pressing paper onto it. The earliest known printed text using this method is the Diamond Sutra, a Buddhist scripture, printed in China in 868 AD. The disadvantage: a new block must be carved for every different page โ extremely time-consuming.
- Movable Type: Invented by Bi Sheng in China around 1041 AD using clay type. Gutenberg (1440s Germany) independently refined it using durable metal type, oil-based ink, and rag paper (paper introduced to Europe from China via Muslim trade routes). Gutenberg is credited because he created the first commercially practical and widely adopted system for European alphabetic languages.
Gutenberg's press was not entirely novel โ it built on Chinese and Korean innovations โ but its adaptation for the Latin alphabet and its commercial viability made it a historical turning point.
- They are hydrophobic due to alkyl groups.
- They are biocompatible and used in medical implants.
- They have high thermal stability and high dielectric strength (statement 'c' is incorrect because it says low dielectric strength).
- They are resistant to oxidation and chemicals.
The interrelationship of HR functions suggests that:
HR functions are interconnected - staffing affects training needs; training affects performance; performance affects compensation; compensation affects retention; retention affects staffing. Effective HRM requires understanding and managing these interdependencies.
In a certain shop, notebooks that normally sell for 59 cents each are on sale at 2 for 99 cents. How much can be saved by purchasing 10 of these notebooks at the sale price?
Normal price for 10 notebooks: $10 \times 59\text{ยข} = 590\text{ยข} = \$5.90$
Sale: 2 notebooks for 99ยข, so 10 notebooks cost $5 \times 99\text{ยข} = 495\text{ยข} = \$4.95$
Savings $= \$5.90 - \$4.95 = \$0.95$
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