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Debridement is the removal of necrotic, devitalized, and contaminated tissue from a wound. It is essential for healing because:
- Necrotic tissue acts as a bacterial culture medium
- Devitalized tissue prevents granulation tissue formation
- Dead tissue impairs leukocyte migration (immune function)
Types of debridement:
| Type | Method |
|---|---|
| Surgical/Sharp | Scalpel, scissors — fastest method |
| Mechanical | Wet-to-dry dressings, wound irrigation, hydrosurgery |
| Autolytic | Occlusive dressings activate body's own enzymes — slowest, most selective |
| Enzymatic | Collagenase ointment applied topically |
| Biological | Maggot therapy (Larval Debridement Therapy) |
Classification of Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM):
| Feature | Marasmus | Kwashiorkor |
|---|---|---|
| Primary deficiency | Total calories (protein + energy) | Protein deficiency with adequate carbohydrates |
| Weight | Severely underweight (<60% expected) | May appear normal (edema masks wasting) |
| Edema | Absent | Present (pitting, starts from feet) |
| Appearance | 'Old man' face, skin and bones | Moon face, edematous |
| Hair | Sparse, thin | Sparse, discolored (flag sign), brittle |
| Liver | Normal | Fatty liver (due to low apolipoprotein) |
| Appetite | Ravenous | Anorexia |
| Mood | Alert, irritable | Apathetic, miserable |
This child has Kwashiorkor: edema + fatty liver + discolored hair + normal weight (edema masking true weight loss).
WHO management: 10 steps — treat hypoglycemia, hypothermia, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, infections, micronutrient deficiencies, cautious feeding, catch-up growth, sensory stimulation, and follow-up.
SWOT Analysis is a strategic planning tool:
- S — Strengths (internal positive factors)
- W — Weaknesses (internal negative factors)
- O — Opportunities (external positive factors)
- T — Threats (external negative factors)
In nursing management, a Head Nurse uses SWOT analysis to assess the unit's capabilities, identify resource gaps, recognize opportunities for improvement, and anticipate external challenges such as budget cuts, staff shortages, or policy changes. This is frequently tested in Charge/Head Nurse examinations.
Face validity is a superficial, non-statistical form of validity — it refers to whether the test “looks like” it measures what it claims to measure, as judged by experts or test-takers at face value. It is the weakest form of validity but still matters for test credibility and acceptance.
Correct Answer: B — Face validity.
If $g(x) = \begin{cases}k\sqrt{x+1}, & 0\le x\le3\\ mx+2, & 3
For continuity at $x=3$: $k\sqrt{4}=3m+2\Rightarrow 2k=3m+2$ ...(i)
For differentiability at $x=3$: Left derivative $=\frac{k}{2\sqrt{x+1}}\big|_{x=3}=\frac{k}{4}$; Right derivative $=m$.
So $\frac{k}{4}=m$ ...(ii)
From (ii): $k=4m$. Substitute in (i): $8m=3m+2\Rightarrow5m=2\Rightarrow m=\frac{2}{5}$, $k=\frac{8}{5}$.
$k+m=\frac{8}{5}+\frac{2}{5}=\frac{10}{5}=\mathbf{2}$
So correct answer is $k+m=2$, which is option A (index 0). But official JEE answer is $\frac{10}{3}$... Re-checking: $5m=2 \Rightarrow m=2/5$. $k=4(2/5)=8/5$. $k+m = 8/5+2/5=2$. Answer is $\mathbf{2}$.
The balanced redox equation is:
$6Fe^{2+} + Cr_{2}O_{7}^{2-} + 14H^{+} \rightarrow 6Fe^{3+} + 2Cr^{3+} + 7H_{2}O$
Using the equivalence principle ($n_{1}M_{1}V_{1} = n_{2}M_{2}V_{2}$):
- For $Fe^{2+}$, $n$-factor is $1$.
- For $Cr_{2}O_{7}^{2-}$, $n$-factor is $6$.
$1 \times M_{Fe} \times 15 = 6 \times 0.03 \times 20$
$15 M_{Fe} = 3.6 \Rightarrow M_{Fe} = 0.24\text{ M} = 24 \times 10^{-2}\text{ M}$.
[cite: 13]
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