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Al's IEโ is lower than Mg (3sยฒ full shell, extra stability) and lower than Si (3pยฒ โ removing one from paired is easier, but Si is to the right with higher Z*).
Experimentally, IEโ of Al โ 577 kJ/mol. This lies between Na (496) and Mg (737), confirming the anomaly: Al has lower IEโ than Mg despite being to its right in the period.
Fill in the blank: Do you usually take a bus ______ the market?
The correct preposition is 'to' when indicating destination. 'Take a bus to the market' is standard English usage.
In Shannon's information theory, redundancy describes those elements of a message that are predictable or repetitive โ they add no new information, but they serve a vital communication function. Perfect redundancy is complete repetition (every message repeated identically). Zero redundancy means sheer unpredictability. The textbook notes: “No message can reach maximum efficiency unless it contains a balance between the unexpected and the predictable.” Redundancy makes communication more robust against noise โ when part of a message is lost or distorted, the receiver can use the redundant elements to reconstruct the intended meaning. For example, the English language is estimated to be about 50% redundant (many letters in a word can be removed and the word is still recognisable). In mass communication, editorial repetition, summaries, and visual reinforcement are all forms of strategic redundancy.
There is considerable debate about what constitutes the world's “first” newspaper. The World Association of Newspapers recognises Relation (France, 1605) as the first newspaper. However, the first titled English-language private newspaper was The Corrant, published in London in 1621. The first American newspaper was Publick Occurrences, published in Boston in 1690, though it was suppressed after a single issue by colonial authorities. The first English daily newspaper was the Daily Courant, founded by Samuel Buckley on 11 March 1702. The question asks for “first regular English-language newspaper” โ this refers to The Corrant, London, 1621. Students must carefully distinguish between the first French newspaper (La Gazette, 1631), the first American newspaper (Publick Occurrences, Boston, 1690), and the first English daily (Daily Courant, 1702).
Selling price \(= c + 10\%\text{ of }c = 1.1c = 220\)
\(c = \dfrac{220}{1.1} = 200\)
Cost price \(= \text{Rs. } 200\)
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