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The velocity-time graph for a body projected vertically upward is best described as a:
For a body projected vertically upward, only gravity acts on it β a constant acceleration $g$ downward. From $v = u - gt$, velocity changes linearly with time, producing a straight line on a $v$-$t$ graph with slope $-g$.
George Eastman introduced roll film and the simple Kodak box camera in 1888. This was revolutionary for several reasons:
- Before Eastman's roll film, photography required heavy glass plates, complex chemical baths, and specialist knowledge β making it impractical for rapid journalistic work
- The Kodak camera was simple enough for anyone to use (“You press the button, we do the rest” was Eastman's slogan), democratising photography
- Roll film was lighter and easier to load than glass plates, making field photography faster and more mobile
- This, combined with the halftone process (1881) and smaller cameras like the 35mm Leica (first marketed 1925), created the conditions for modern photojournalism
The photojournalist tradition β using shocking or revealing images to change public opinion and drive legislation β was enabled directly by these technological advances.
Nutritional Rickets β deficiency of Vitamin D leading to impaired bone mineralization.
Pathophysiology:
\[\downarrow \text{Vit D} \Rightarrow \downarrow \text{Ca}^{2+}\,\text{absorption (gut)} \Rightarrow \downarrow \text{Serum Ca}^{2+} \Rightarrow \uparrow \text{PTH} \Rightarrow \downarrow \text{Phosphate (renal loss)} \Rightarrow \text{Impaired mineralization}\]
Clinical features:
- Rachitic rosary: Bony swellings at costochondral junctions
- Harrison's sulcus: Horizontal groove along lower chest (diaphragm pull)
- Craniotabes: Ping-pong ball sensation (skull)
- Bossing: Frontal bossing
- Widened wrists/ankles
- Bow legs (genu varum) or knock knees
- Delayed dentition, hypocalcemic tetany
Labs: \(\downarrow\) Ca, \(\downarrow\) POβ, \(\uparrow\) ALP (markedly), \(\uparrow\) PTH, \(\downarrow\) 25-OH Vitamin D
X-ray: Cupping, fraying, splaying of metaphyses (especially distal radius)
Treatment: Vitamin D \(1000{-}5000\,\text{IU/day}\) for 3 months + calcium supplementation.
An amount specifically set aside to cover anticipated losses from bad debts is called a:
A Provision is an amount set aside out of profits to cover a known or likely future expense or loss β such as expected bad debts. It is created when the loss is probable but the exact amount is uncertain. A reserve is set aside from profits for general purposes (not a specific liability). An appropriation is a distribution of profits (e.g., dividends). A commission is a fee or charge, not a set-aside.
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