Negative space (also called void or counter-form) in architecture and design refers to the unoccupied space around, between, and within built forms.

It is as important as positive (built) space in defining the quality of architecture:

• The courtyard of a building is negative space that organises surrounding rooms.
• The gap between two buildings creates a negative space that functions as a street or plaza.
• Frank Lloyd Wright's concept: 'The reality of a building is the space within.'

Understanding negative space is fundamental to spatial composition in architecture and urban design.

Torque $\tau = r \times F$ (moment of force)

$[\tau] = [r][F] = L \times MLT^{-2} = ML^2T^{-2}$

Note: Torque has the same dimensional formula as energy ($ML^2T^{-2}$), but they are physically different quantities. Torque is a vector while energy is a scalar.

A space frame (3D truss) works by:

• Distributing loads along multiple paths simultaneously (three-dimensional load distribution).
• Individual members carry only axial forces (tension or compression) — no bending.
• This allows very long spans with relatively little material — extremely efficient structure.
• Applications: airport terminals, sports stadiums, exhibition halls, industrial sheds.

Famous examples: Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium (New Delhi), many airport terminal roofs worldwide.

To find the ratio $\dfrac{1}{3} : \dfrac{3}{8}$, divide the first by the second:

$\dfrac{1/3}{3/8} = \dfrac{1}{3} \times \dfrac{8}{3} = \dfrac{8}{9}$

So the ratio is $\dfrac{8}{9}$, which means $8$ to $9$.

You can verify: multiply both original fractions by 24 (the LCM of 3 and 8): $\dfrac{1}{3} \times 24 = 8$ and $\dfrac{3}{8} \times 24 = 9$. Ratio is $8:9$.

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