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Nursing QUESTION #9250

A patient in ICU develops acute hyperkalemia with serum K$^+ = 7.1 \text{ mEq/L}$ and ECG changes (peaked T waves, wide QRS, sine wave pattern). What is the FIRST and MOST critical intervention?

Administer Sodium Bicarbonate IV to shift K$^+$ intracellularly
Administer IV Calcium Gluconate or Calcium Chloride to stabilize the myocardium✔️
Start Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulfonate) to eliminate K$^+$ from the gut
Start emergent hemodialysis to remove excess K$^+$

Correct Answer Logic:

Correct Answer: B — IV Calcium (Gluconate or Chloride) — cardiac membrane stabilization

Management of Acute Severe Hyperkalemia — Stepwise Approach:

Step	Drug/Intervention	Onset	Mechanism
1 (First priority)	IV Calcium Gluconate 10% (10 mL) or Calcium Chloride	1–3 min	Stabilizes cardiac membrane (does NOT lower K$^+$)
2	IV Insulin + Dextrose (10 units regular insulin + 50 mL D50%)	15–30 min	Shifts K$^+$ intracellularly
3	Salbutamol nebulization (10–20 mg)	15–30 min	Shifts K$^+$ intracellularly via $\beta_2$ stimulation
4	Sodium Bicarbonate (if acidotic)	30–60 min	Shifts K$^+$ intracellularly
5	Kayexalate / Patiromer	Hours	GI elimination of K$^+$
6	Hemodialysis	Immediate	Definitive removal — for refractory cases

Calcium is given FIRST because it prevents fatal arrhythmias immediately — it stabilizes the myocardial membrane without changing K$^+$ levels.

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Paper-II (Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutics-I) QUESTION #3619

Question 2

What is the biological source of 'Turmeric' (Haldi)?

Curcuma longa✔️
Zingiber officinale
Crocus sativus
Allium sativum

Correct Answer Logic:

Turmeric comes from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa.

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MCQs Section QUESTION #4844

Question 3

Pick the word nearly opposite in meaning to "SEDENTARY"

Afraid
Loyal
Active✔️
Torpid

Correct Answer Logic:

Sedentary means tending to spend much time seated or inactive. Its antonym is 'active,' meaning engaging in physical movement and not remaining still.

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Maths QUESTION #4639

Question 4

If $a + b = 12$ and $a - b = 4$, what is $ab$?

$32$✔️
$16$
$8$
$48$

Correct Answer Logic:

From equations: $a = 8, b = 4$. So $ab = 8 \times 4 = 32$

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Mathematics QUESTION #1305

Question 5

The Trapezoidal Rule for $n$ equally spaced points with step size $h$ is:

$\dfrac{h}{2}(y_0+2y_1+\cdots+2y_{n-1}+y_n)$✔️
$\dfrac{h}{3}(y_0+4y_1+2y_2+\cdots+y_n)$
$h(y_0+y_1+\cdots+y_n)$
$\dfrac{h}{2}(y_0+y_n)$

Correct Answer Logic:

The Trapezoidal Rule approximates $\int_a^b f(x)\,dx\approx\dfrac{h}{2}[f(x_0)+2f(x_1)+2f(x_2)+\cdots+2f(x_{n-1})+f(x_n)]$. This gives the first and last function values weight 1 and all interior values weight 2.

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Mathematics QUESTION #7490

Question 6

The sum of first 20 terms of the sequence 0.7, 0.77, 0.777, … is:

$\frac{7}{81}(179-10^{-20})$
$\frac{7}{9}(99-10^{-20})$
$\frac{7}{81}(179+10^{-20})$✔️
$\frac{7}{9}(99+10^{-20})$

Correct Answer Logic:

Each term: $0.7 = \frac{7}{9}(1-10^{-1})$, $0.77 = \frac{7}{9}(1-10^{-2})$, etc. Sum = $\frac{7}{9}\sum_{k=1}^{20}(1-10^{-k}) = \frac{7}{9}[20 - \frac{10^{-1}(1-10^{-20})}{1-10^{-1}}] = \frac{7}{9}[20 - \frac{1-10^{-20}}{9}] = \frac{7}{9} \cdot \frac{180-1+10^{-20}}{9} = \frac{7}{81}(179+10^{-20})$.

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Maths QUESTION #2861

Question 7

In a right-angled triangle, the two shorter sides are 8 cm and 15 cm. Find the hypotenuse.

16 cm
17 cm✔️
18 cm
19 cm

Correct Answer Logic:

By Pythagoras theorem: $h^2 = 8^2 + 15^2 = 64 + 225 = 289$. So $h = \sqrt{289} = 17$ cm.

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Paper-I (Anatomy/Physiology and Biochemistry/Microbiology) QUESTION #3215

Question 8

'Diabetes Insipidus' is a condition caused by the deficiency of:

Insulin
Glucagon
ADH✔️
Oxytocin

Correct Answer Logic:

Lack of ADH leads to the production of large volumes of very dilute urine.

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Electrical Engineering QUESTION #2167

Question 9

The z-transform of $x[n] = a^n u[n]$ is $X(z) = \frac{z}{z-a}$ with ROC $|z|>|a|$. For $a = 0.8$, the final value $\lim_{n \to \infty} x[n]$ is:

$0$✔️
$1$
$0.8$
Diverges to infinity

Correct Answer Logic:

Since $|a| = 0.8 < 1$, $\lim_{n\to\infty}(0.8)^n = 0$. Confirmed by the Final Value Theorem: $\lim_{z\to1}(z-1)X(z) = \lim_{z\to1}\frac{z(z-1)}{z-0.8} = 0$.

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General Knowledge QUESTION #8592

Question 10

Which bird is universally recognized as a symbol of peace?

Swan
Flamingo
Dove✔️
Duck

Correct Answer Logic:

The dove is a symbol of peace.

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Accounting & Finance QUESTION #6225

Question 11

The assertion that 'an asset or liability pertains to the entity at a given date' relates to which audit area?

Existence
Completeness
Rights and Obligations✔️
Valuation

Correct Answer Logic:

'Rights and Obligations' refers to the assertion that the enterprise has ownership or legal rights to the assets and liabilities recorded.

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Pakistan Affairs QUESTION #614

Question 12

Who is the author of the book, 'The Reluctant Fundamentalist'?

Muhsin Hamid✔️
Mohammad Hanif
Mohammad Hussain
None of these

Correct Answer Logic:

This world-renowned novel was written by Mohsin Hamid .

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Boilers Mechanical Engineering QUESTION #2390

Question 13

The phase margin (PM) of a control system is defined as:

The gain at the phase crossover frequency
$PM = 180° + \angle Y_1(j\omega_{gc})$ where $\omega_{gc}$ is the gain crossover frequency (where $|Y_1(j\omega)|=1$)✔️
$PM = |Y_1(j\omega_{pc})|$ where $\omega_{pc}$ is the phase crossover frequency
The bandwidth of the closed-loop system

Correct Answer Logic:

Phase margin: $PM=180°+\phi_{gc}$ where $\phi_{gc}=\angle Y_1(j\omega_{gc})$ at the gain crossover frequency. PM indicates how much additional phase lag would bring the system to the verge of instability. Typically $PM\geq45°$ is desired.

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Bio-Technology QUESTION #10603

Question 14

The distinction between primary and secondary metabolites in antibiotic fermentation is that:

Primary metabolites are toxic; secondary metabolites are non-toxic
Primary metabolites are produced during active growth (tropophase); antibiotics are secondary metabolites produced after growth slows (idiophase)✔️
Secondary metabolites are always produced in larger quantities than primary metabolites
Primary metabolites include only nucleic acids; secondary metabolites include all proteins

Correct Answer Logic:

In antibiotic fermentation, primary metabolites (amino acids, nucleotides, lipids) are produced during the growth phase (tropophase) when all nutrients are available. Secondary metabolites (antibiotics, pigments, toxins) are produced during the idiophase, after growth slows due to nutrient limitation. This temporal regulation is critical for industrial optimisation — process engineers manipulate nutrient feeding to extend the idiophase and maximise antibiotic yield.

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Boilers Mechanical Engineering QUESTION #4022

Question 15

'Induced Draft' fans are located:

Before the furnace
At the base of the chimney (after the boiler)✔️
Inside the drum
In the fuel tank

Correct Answer Logic:

They 'pull' the flue gases out of the boiler, creating a slightly negative pressure in the furnace.

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Physics QUESTION #7082

Question 16

If a man's linear dimensions increase by a factor of $9$ while his density remains constant, by what factor will the stress in his leg change?

$\frac{1}{81}$
9✔️
$\frac{1}{9}$
81

Correct Answer Logic:

Stress is defined as $\frac{\text{Force}}{\text{Area}}$.

Force (Weight) $\propto \text{Volume} \propto L^3$
Area $\propto L^2$
$\text{Stress} \propto \frac{L^3}{L^2} \propto L$
Since $L$ increases by factor $9$, stress increases by factor $9$.

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Geology QUESTION #10640

Question 17

During daylight hours, the sea breeze direction is:

From land toward the sea
From sea toward the land✔️
From sea toward the land at night only
From land toward the sea at night only

Correct Answer Logic:

During the day, land heats up faster than the sea (lower heat capacity), causing air above the land to warm, rise, and create a low-pressure zone. Cooler, denser air from the sea flows in to replace it — producing a sea breeze blowing from sea to land. At night, the process reverses: land cools faster, the sea is relatively warmer, and a land breeze blows from land to sea.

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Math Physics Chemistry Biology QUESTION #11282

Question 18

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to:

Sequence DNA
Amplify specific DNA segments✔️
Cut DNA at specific sites
Separate DNA fragments by size

Correct Answer Logic:

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a technique used to amplify (make millions of copies of) a specific segment of DNA. It uses DNA polymerase, primers, and thermal cycling (denaturation, annealing, extension).

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Dairy Food Science and Technology QUESTION #5980

Question 19

Casein can be industrially produced from skim milk by which method?

Centrifugal separation; used as a color in paints
Acid precipitation at $\text{pH}\;4.6$ (acid casein) or rennet coagulation (rennet casein), followed by washing, pressing, and drying; used in food products (cheese analogs, protein supplements) and non-food applications (adhesives, paper coating, textiles)✔️
Evaporation followed by spray drying; used as infant formula base
Microfiltration; used as a beverage protein supplement

Correct Answer Logic:

Casein production: skim milk $\rightarrow$ acid precipitation at $\text{pH}\;4.6$ or rennet treatment $\rightarrow$ whey drainage $\rightarrow$ washing (to remove lactose, minerals) $\rightarrow$ pressing $\rightarrow$ drying. Food uses: cheese analogs, protein supplements, coffee whiteners. Industrial uses: paper coating, adhesives, leather finishing.

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Planning QUESTION #4937

Question 20

What is the main objective of Traffic Calming measures?

To increase vehicle speed
To reduce vehicle speeds and improve safety✔️
To eliminate pedestrian crossings
To maximize road capacity

Correct Answer Logic:

Traffic Calming uses physical design features (speed bumps, chicanes, raised crosswalks) to reduce vehicle speeds, enhance pedestrian safety, and improve quality of life in residential areas.

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