The binding energy per nucleon represents the average energy required to completely separate a nucleus into its individual nucleons. It is approximately 8 MeV for stable nuclei, indicating the stability and compactness of nuclear structure.

A proton has the same charge as an electron (positive) but is much heavier, with a mass approximately 1836 times greater than that of an electron.

The strong nuclear force is the fundamental force that binds protons and neutrons (nucleons) together in the nucleus. It is a short-range force that overcomes the repulsive electromagnetic force between protons.

Nuclear fusion is the process where light atomic nuclei combine to form heavier nuclei, releasing a significant amount of energy. It is the primary energy source for stars, including the Sun.

Beta-minus decay involves the emission of an electron (beta particle) from a nucleus. This occurs when a neutron in the nucleus converts into a proton, releasing an electron and an antineutrino.