The Schramm-Osgood Interactive Model (1954) was a major improvement over Shannon-Weaver: it added the field of experience, made encoding/decoding simultaneous and reciprocal, incorporated feedback, and acknowledged that meaning is interpreted, not merely decoded. However, the textbook explicitly identifies its key limitation: “Schramm's model, though less linear, still accounts for only bilateral communication between two parties. The complex, multiple levels of communication between several sources is beyond this model.” In mass communication, one source (a broadcaster) communicates simultaneously with millions of receivers with varying fields of experience, and feedback is delayed and indirect (ratings, letters, viewer surveys). The dyadic (two-party) assumption of the Schramm-Osgood model does not capture this complexity adequately, which is why later mass communication models were needed.