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Mole fraction in liquid: $x_A = 0.40,\ x_B = 0.60$
By Raoult's Law:
$P_A = x_A \cdot P_A^0 = 0.40 \times 7000 = 2800\ \text{Pa}$
$P_B = x_B \cdot P_B^0 = 0.60 \times 12000 = 7200\ \text{Pa}$
$P_{\text{total}} = 2800 + 7200 = 10000\ \text{Pa}$
In vapour phase: $y_A = \dfrac{P_A}{P_{\text{total}}} = \dfrac{2800}{10000} = \mathbf{0.28}$
$y_B = 1 - 0.28 = \mathbf{0.72}$
F₂ is the strongest oxidising agent because:
- Highest electronegativity
- Lowest bond dissociation energy among halogens (easy to break F–F)
- Highest electron affinity when bond breaking is factored in
- F has no d-orbitals, preventing back bonding
The 'Filibuster' is a procedural tactic used in the:
A filibuster is a tactic used in the US Senate to delay or block a vote on a piece of legislation.
Information for a period:
- Sales: $1,500,000
- Purchases: $1,000,000
- Closing Inventory: $50,000
Inventory turnover was 12 times and the gross profit margin was 40%. There were also returns and carriage inwards. Calculate opening inventory.
1. Gross Profit = $1,500,000 $\times$ 40% = $600,000.
2. Cost of Sales (COS) = $1,500,000 - $600,000 = $900,000.
3. Average Inventory = COS / Turnover = $900,000 / 12 = $75,000.
4. Average Inv = (Opening + Closing) / 2 $\Rightarrow$ $75,000 = (Opening + $50,000) / 2.
5. Opening Inventory = $150,000 - $50,000 = $100,000.
\(\text{O}^{2-}(Z=8) > \text{F}^-(Z=9) > \text{Na}^+(Z=11) > \text{Mg}^{2+}(Z=12) > \text{Al}^{3+}(Z=13)\)
More protons = stronger pull on same electron cloud = smaller radius. There is a steady significant decrease across the series. No increase occurs — all species have the same number of electrons but increasing nuclear charge.
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