A vertical mirror (placed on the right or left side of the object) causes a left-right (horizontal) reversal.

The letter B in a vertical mirror appears as a reversed B — the bumps of the B now face left instead of right. This is a horizontal flip.

Key distinction: A horizontal mirror (placed above/below) causes an up-down flip. A vertical mirror causes a left-right flip. Rotation 180° would flip both horizontally and vertically simultaneously.

The textbook is careful to clarify the meaning of new media: “New Media is a term that describes traditional forms of media that have been transformed by advancements in digital technology and digital computing. The distinction between 'New Media' and Old media is sometimes perceived to be a difficult one to make, because new media does not so much represent an entirely new creation, but the re-conceptualization of a current, and most likely popular source of information in a newly digital format.” Examples of new media listed include: websites and blogs, email, CD/DVD, electronic kiosks, virtual worlds, interactive television, internet telephony, mobile communication, podcasts, and hypertext fiction. The textbook also notes that internet journalism is in many ways “old wine in new bottles” — newspaper websites largely replicate print content in digital form rather than creating genuinely new communicative forms. The key difference is interactivity, speed, and accessibility.

• First, find cell constant ($G^*$): $G^* = \kappa \times R = 1.4 \times 50 = 70\text{ m}^{-1}$.
• Then find conductivity ($\kappa$) for $0.5\text{ M}$: $\kappa = G^*/R = 70/280 = 0.25\text{ S m}^{-1}$.
• Molar conductivity $\Lambda_m = \frac{\kappa}{1000 \times M} = \frac{0.25}{1000 \times 0.5} = 5 \times 10^{-4}\text{ S m}^{2}\text{ mol}^{-1}$.

Option B (1 and 2 only) is correct.

The debit side discount column = discounts allowed. Correct entries: Debit discount allowed; Credit discount received. The error debited discount received instead of crediting it. Correction uses discount allowed and discount received only — no suspense needed as both sides of the trial balance are equally affected.