\(W = -P_{\text{ext}} \Delta V = -2 \times (20-15) = -2 \times 5 = -10\ \mathrm{atm·dm³}\). Negative sign indicates work done by the system (expansion).

Extension $\Delta L = \frac{FL}{AY} = \frac{FL}{\pi (d/2)^2 Y} \propto \frac{L}{d^2}$ [cite: 482, 484].

• New extension $\Delta L' \propto \frac{2L}{(2d)^2} = \frac{2L}{4d^2} = \frac{1}{2} \Delta L$
• $\Delta L' = \frac{1}{2} \times 0.04 = 0.02\text{ m}$[cite: 484].

Cultural shock is a significant barrier to communication. It refers to the anxiety, disorientation, and communication breakdown that occurs when individuals are suddenly immersed in a cultural environment whose norms, values, and expectations differ radically from their own. It is not merely “excitement” or “curiosity” — it is a genuine psychological stress response. The textbook illustrates this with examples like families from conservative Muslim cultures moving to Western countries, where gender mixing in schools, co-educational institutions, and different social norms create communication crises. Cultural shock is distinct from acculturation (Option D), which is the gradual, successful adaptation to a new culture. Cultural shock is the resistance to or inability to adapt, resulting in a failure of communication at the most basic level.

These two processes are central to the study of communication and culture:

• Enculturation: The natural, lifelong process by which individuals absorb the cultural values, language, religious beliefs, social norms, and traditions of their own community — usually from parents, peers, and society. A Pakistani child raised in Lahore is enculturated into Pakistani norms without actively choosing them.
• Acculturation: A deliberate and often effortful process of learning and internalising the cultural rules of a different culture. A Pakistani professional who settles in the United States must acculturate — adopting new social practices, professional norms, and communication styles. Failure to acculturate can result in cultural shock, a state of anxiety and communication breakdown that occurs when people are forced to operate within a radically unfamiliar cultural environment.

Both processes have direct implications for mass communicators who must craft messages for multicultural audiences.

For a linear scale, the temperature $T$ is related to reading $x$ by: $\frac{T - T_{ice}}{T_{steam} - T_{ice}} = \frac{x - x_{ice}}{x_{steam} - x_{ice}}$

$\frac{T - 0}{100 - 0} = \frac{x_0/2 - x_0/3}{x_0 - x_0/3}$

$\frac{T}{100} = \frac{x_0/6}{2x_0/3} = \frac{1}{6} \times \frac{3}{2} = \frac{1}{4}$

$T = \frac{100}{4} = 25^\circ\text{C}$.