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The textbook provides a detailed timeline of early Urdu journalism:
- 1822: Jam-e-Jahan Numa — first Persian weekly published, sometimes in Urdu, sometimes in Persian — a weekly, not a daily
- 14 January 1850: Kohinoor — started by Munshi Harsukh Rai as a weekly with circulation of 350 (the largest of its time)
- 1858: Urdu Guide — started by Maulvi Kabeeruddin from Kolkata — this was the FIRST Urdu daily newspaper
- Same year (1858): Roznamcha-e-Punjab started from Lahore as the second daily
- 1903: Zameendar started from Lahore — best newspaper of its time, first to use news agencies, circulation of 30,000, supported independence movement
Students commonly confuse the first publication in Urdu (Jam-e-Jahan Numa, 1822) with the first Urdu daily (Urdu Guide, 1858).
- 4818: Sum of digits \(= 4+8+1+8=21\) (divisible by 3); last two digits 18 (not divisible by 4) — fails.
- 4818 ÷ 12 = 401.5 — actually let us recheck: \(4818 \div 4 = 1204.5\) — not exact.
- 4404: \(4+4+0+4=12\) ✓; \(04 \div 4 = 1\) ✓. \(4404 \div 12 = 367\) ✓
This is a disproportionation reaction. The balanced equation in alkaline medium is:
$S_{8} + 12OH^{-} \rightarrow 4S^{2-} + 2S_{2}O_{3}^{2-} + 6H_{2}O$
Therefore, the value of the coefficient 'a' is $12$.
[cite: 13]Given: Quick (acid-test) ratio $= 2.0$; Current assets $= \text{Rs. }5{,}000$; Inventory $= \text{Rs. }2{,}000$; Prepaid expenses $= 0$. Find the value of current liabilities.
The Quick Ratio formula is:
$\text{Quick Ratio} = \dfrac{\text{Current Assets} - \text{Inventory} - \text{Prepaid Expenses}}{\text{Current Liabilities}}$
$2.0 = \dfrac{5{,}000 - 2{,}000 - 0}{\text{CL}} = \dfrac{3{,}000}{\text{CL}}$
$\text{CL} = \dfrac{3{,}000}{2.0} = \mathbf{Rs.\ 1{,}500}$
The quick ratio excludes inventory and prepaid expenses from current assets since these are less liquid. Dividing quick assets by the ratio gives current liabilities.
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