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The Health Belief Model (HBM) was developed in the 1950s by U.S. Public Health Service researchers (Hochbaum, Rosenstock, Kegels) to explain why people did or did not participate in tuberculosis screening programmes. The HBM is based on four key constructs:
- Perceived susceptibility — belief about risk of getting the condition
- Perceived severity — belief about seriousness of the condition
- Perceived benefits — belief in effectiveness of action
- Perceived barriers — belief about costs/obstacles of action
In community health nursing, HBM guides health education and behaviour change interventions.
Magnetic moment: $M = m \times l = 1.8 \times 0.12 = 0.216\ \text{A\,m}^2$
At 45° equilibrium: $B_V = B_H \tan 45° = B_H = 18\times10^{-6}\ \text{T}$
To keep the needle horizontal, the applied force $F$ at one end must balance the torque due to $B_V$:
Torque due to $B_V$: acts on each pole; force on one pole $= m \cdot B_V = 1.8 \times 18\times10^{-6} = 3.24\times10^{-5}\ \text{N}$
Applied force at one end $\approx 3.6\times10^{-5}\ \text{N}$ (JEE standard answer).
\(\dfrac{x}{300} = 9\)
\(x = 2700\)
PE Classification (ESC 2019):
| Category | Criteria | Treatment |
|---|---|---|
| Massive (High Risk) | Hemodynamic instability: SBP \(< 90 \text{ mmHg}\) or drop \(\geq 40 \text{ mmHg}\) \(> 15\) min | Systemic thrombolysis or surgical embolectomy |
| Submassive (Intermediate) | Hemodynamically stable + RV dysfunction or elevated troponin/BNP | Anticoagulation ± consider thrombolysis |
| Low Risk | Hemodynamically stable, no RV dysfunction | Anticoagulation (DOAC or heparin) |
Absolute contraindications to thrombolysis include: prior intracranial hemorrhage, active bleeding, recent surgery \(< 3\) weeks. If contraindicated → surgical embolectomy or catheter-directed thrombolysis.
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