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Psychology QUESTION #1454

Which approach in psychology emphasizes the role of unconscious drives and early childhood experiences?

Behavioral psychology
Psychoanalysis✔️
Cognitive psychology
Humanistic psychology

Correct Answer Logic:

Psychoanalysis, founded by Sigmund Freud, emphasizes that unconscious drives, repressed memories, and early childhood experiences are the primary determinants of adult personality and behavior. Key concepts include the id/ego/superego, defence mechanisms, and psychosexual stages of development. Behavioral psychology focuses on observable behavior; cognitive on thought processes; humanistic on personal growth and self-actualization.

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Psychology QUESTION #1455

Question 2

Which term is used for the study of psychological development across the lifespan?

Cognitive psychology
Developmental psychology✔️
Social psychology
Neuropsychology

Correct Answer Logic:

Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why humans change across the entire lifespan — from conception through old age. It examines physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development. Key theorists include Piaget (cognitive development), Erikson (psychosocial development), and Vygotsky (social learning). Social psychology studies group behavior; neuropsychology focuses on brain-behavior relationships.

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Psychology QUESTION #1456

Question 3

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for:

Rest and relaxation
Voluntary muscle movement
\"Fight or flight\" responses✔️
Digesting food

Correct Answer Logic:

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is a division of the autonomic nervous system that activates the 'fight or flight' response during perceived threats or stress. It increases heart rate, dilates pupils, inhibits digestion, and releases adrenaline. The parasympathetic nervous system ('rest and digest') is responsible for rest, relaxation, and digestion. Voluntary muscle movement is controlled by the somatic nervous system.

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Psychology QUESTION #1457

Question 4

Which gland is known as the \"master gland\" of the endocrine system, regulating other glands and hormones in the body?

Thyroid gland
Pineal gland
Adrenal gland
Pituitary gland✔️

Correct Answer Logic:

The pituitary gland (located at the base of the brain, controlled by the hypothalamus) is called the 'master gland' because it secretes hormones that regulate the activity of other endocrine glands — including the thyroid, adrenal glands, and gonads. It has two lobes: the anterior pituitary (produces GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, prolactin) and posterior pituitary (releases ADH and oxytocin).

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Psychology QUESTION #1458

Question 5

Which monocular cue is involved when objects that are farther away appear smaller in size?

Motion parallax
Linear perspective
Texture gradient
Relative size✔️

Correct Answer Logic:

Relative size is the monocular depth cue in which objects that are farther away appear smaller than closer objects of the same type. When we see two identical objects, we perceive the smaller one as farther away. This is distinct from linear perspective (parallel lines converging in the distance) and texture gradient (texture becomes finer with distance). Motion parallax involves objects appearing to move at different speeds based on distance.

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Psychology QUESTION #1459

Question 6

Which type of learning occurs through observing others and imitating their behaviors?

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Observational learning✔️
Latent learning

Correct Answer Logic:

Observational learning (also called social learning or modelling) occurs by watching and imitating others. Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory (1977) demonstrated this through his Bobo doll experiments, showing children imitated aggressive behaviour modelled by adults. Classical conditioning involves stimulus-response associations; operant conditioning involves reinforcement/punishment; latent learning occurs without immediate reinforcement.

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Psychology QUESTION #1460

Question 7

Which type of memory has the longest duration and largest capacity, often storing information for a lifetime?

Sensory memory
Short-term memory
Long-term memory✔️
Working memory

Correct Answer Logic:

Long-term memory (LTM) has virtually unlimited capacity and can store information for a lifetime. It includes declarative memory (explicit: episodic and semantic) and non-declarative memory (implicit: procedural, priming). Sensory memory lasts milliseconds; short-term memory holds about 7±2 items for 15–30 seconds; working memory is the active, limited-capacity system for immediate cognitive tasks.

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Psychology QUESTION #1461

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of intrinsic motivation?

Working hard for a promotion at work
Playing a sport for fun✔️
Studying to avoid punishment
Attending school for a scholarship

Correct Answer Logic:

Intrinsic motivation refers to engaging in an activity for its inherent satisfaction and personal enjoyment — the reward is internal. Playing a sport purely for fun is driven by the enjoyment of the activity itself. Extrinsic motivation involves external rewards or punishments: promotions, avoiding punishment, and scholarships are all external incentives. Deci and Ryan's Self-Determination Theory extensively studied intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation.

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Psychology QUESTION #1462

Question 9

Which theory of emotion suggests that emotions occur simultaneously with physiological reactions?

Cannon-Bard Theory✔️
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory
James-Lange Theory
Lazarus Cognitive-Mediational Theory

Correct Answer Logic:

The Cannon-Bard Theory (Walter Cannon and Philip Bard, 1927) proposes that emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously and independently — both triggered at the same time by the thalamus. James-Lange Theory proposes emotions follow physiological arousal; Schachter-Singer requires cognitive labelling of arousal; Lazarus's theory emphasises cognitive appraisal as the primary step before emotion.

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Psychology QUESTION #1463

Question 10

Which type of validity is concerned with whether the test truly measures the concept it is intended to measure?

Content validity
Construct validity✔️
Criterion-related validity
Face validity

Correct Answer Logic:

Construct validity refers to the degree to which a test actually measures the theoretical construct (psychological concept) it purports to measure. For example, does an IQ test truly measure 'intelligence' as theoretically defined? Content validity concerns coverage of all relevant aspects of the construct; criterion-related validity concerns prediction of real-world outcomes; face validity is about surface appearance only.

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Psychology QUESTION #1464

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of a projective psychological test?

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
The Rorschach Inkblot Test✔️
The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

Correct Answer Logic:

The Rorschach Inkblot Test is a classic projective test in which individuals describe what they see in ambiguous inkblots — their responses are thought to reveal unconscious thoughts, feelings, and personality characteristics. Projective tests use ambiguous stimuli to 'project' inner states. WISC and Stanford-Binet are intelligence tests; MMPI is an objective (self-report) personality inventory.

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Psychology QUESTION #1465

Question 12

According to Sigmund Freud, which part of the personality is responsible for the moral and ethical aspects of behavior?

Id
Ego
Superego✔️
Libido

Correct Answer Logic:

In Freud's structural model of personality: the Id (unconscious, pleasure principle — drives and impulses), the Ego (reality principle — mediates between id and reality), and the Superego (the moral and ethical conscience — internalized societal rules and values, includes the conscience and ego-ideal). The superego develops around age 5–6 through the resolution of the Oedipus/Electra complex. Libido is psychosexual energy, not a structural component.

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Psychology QUESTION #1466

Question 13

Which theory of intelligence proposes that there are three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical?

Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Robert Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence✔️
Spearman's Two-Factor Theory
Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory

Correct Answer Logic:

Robert Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (1985) proposes three types: (1) Analytical (componential) — academic problem-solving; (2) Creative (experiential) — novel and adaptive thinking; (3) Practical (contextual) — 'street smart', adapting to real-world environments. Gardner's theory proposes 8–9 multiple intelligences; Spearman proposed g-factor and s-factors; Cattell-Horn-Carroll distinguishes fluid and crystallized intelligence.

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Psychology QUESTION #1467

Question 14

Who is associated with the concept of fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence?

Jean Piaget
Raymond Cattell✔️
Charles Spearman
Howard Gardner

Correct Answer Logic:

Raymond Cattell (and later John Horn) proposed the distinction between fluid intelligence (Gf) — the ability to reason and solve novel problems, independent of acquired knowledge — and crystallized intelligence (Gc) — accumulated knowledge and skills from experience and education. This distinction is central to the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory of cognitive abilities.

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Psychology QUESTION #1468

Question 15

In the Milgram obedience study, what percentage of participants administered the highest shock (450 volts) despite hearing the learner's protests?

25%
35%
50%
65%✔️

Correct Answer Logic:

In Stanley Milgram's landmark obedience experiments (1961–1963) at Yale University, approximately 65% (two-thirds) of participants administered the maximum 450-volt shock when instructed to do so by an authority figure, despite the apparent distress of the 'learner' (who was actually a confederate receiving no real shocks). This demonstrated the powerful influence of authority on obedient behaviour.

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Psychology QUESTION #1469

Question 16

According to Erik Erikson, the primary psychosocial conflict in adolescence is:

Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame
Identity vs. Role Confusion✔️
Integrity vs. Despair

Correct Answer Logic:

In Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development, Stage 5 covers adolescence (approximately 12–18 years). The central conflict is Identity vs. Role Confusion — adolescents explore who they are, their values, and their future roles in society. Successful resolution leads to a strong sense of identity (ego identity). Trust vs. Mistrust is infancy (Stage 1); Integrity vs. Despair is late adulthood (Stage 8).

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Psychology QUESTION #1470

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a commonly used method for psychological assessment?

Medical imaging techniques✔️
Self-report questionnaires
Structured interviews
Projective tests

Correct Answer Logic:

Medical imaging techniques (such as CT scans, MRI, fMRI, PET scans) are primarily neurological and medical tools used to examine brain structure and function; they are NOT standard psychological assessment methods. Psychological assessment commonly uses self-report questionnaires (e.g., MMPI, BDI), structured/unstructured interviews, standardized cognitive tests, behavioural observations, and projective tests.

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Psychology QUESTION #1471

Question 18

Which decision-making model involves a leader making decisions based on a thorough analysis of data and alternatives?

Intuitive decision making
Rational decision making✔️
Group decision making
Incremental decision making

Correct Answer Logic:

The Rational decision-making model is a step-by-step, analytical process where a decision-maker: (1) identifies the problem, (2) gathers information, (3) identifies alternatives, (4) evaluates alternatives using objective criteria, and (5) selects the best option based on thorough data analysis. Intuitive decision-making relies on gut feelings and experience; incremental involves small step-by-step adjustments; group involves collective deliberation.

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Psychology QUESTION #1472

Question 19

Which model of stress focuses on how an individual appraises a situation as stressful based on their perceived ability to cope?

The Transactional Model of Stress✔️
The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
The Cognitive-Behavioral Model

Correct Answer Logic:

The Transactional Model of Stress (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984) proposes that stress arises from the transaction between the person and the environment. Stress depends on: (1) primary appraisal — is this situation threatening or challenging? and (2) secondary appraisal — do I have the resources to cope? If demands exceed perceived coping resources, stress results. GAS (Selye) focuses on physiological response stages; SRRS ranks life events by stress level.

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Psychology QUESTION #1473

Question 20

Which of the following factors is most likely to influence the accuracy of eyewitness testimony?

The eyewitness's level of education
The eyewitness's emotional state during the event✔️
The time of day the event occurs
The presence of the police during the event

Correct Answer Logic:

Research by Elizabeth Loftus and others has shown that the eyewitness's emotional state during the event is a major factor affecting memory accuracy. High emotional arousal (especially fear or stress) can impair accurate encoding and recall — the 'weapon focus effect' is one example. Post-event misinformation, leading questions, and stress also distort memories. Education level and time of day have relatively little direct effect on accuracy.

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