GRE® Psychology Test

Educational Testing Service

The GRE® Psychology Test consists of 144 MCQs. Tests a description of an experiment or a graph, may ask several questions. Testing time is 2 hours

1 contributor - 2 Folowers




shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

What is the primary aim of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in clinical psychology?

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps people notice and change negative thoughts and behaviors that make them feel bad. It focuses on solving problems by thinking differently.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with mood regulation and is targeted by SSRIs in depression treatment?

Serotonin is a chemical that helps you feel happy. When people don't have enough serotonin, they can feel sad or depressed. SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) increase serotonin in the brain, helping improve mood.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

What term is used for persistent and irrational fears that disrupt daily functioning?

Phobias are extreme fears of certain things, like spiders or heights. They can make people avoid activities they would normally do, even though they know the fear isn't logical.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

In clinical psychology, which disorder is characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression?

Bipolar disorder causes big mood swings. Sometimes a person feels very energetic and excited (mania), and other times they feel very sad and tired (depression). These ups and downs can be really hard to manage.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

The most effective treatment for phobias is typically:

Exposure therapy helps people face their fears in a safe way. Over time, their fear gets smaller because they learn that the thing they are afraid of isn?t as scary as they thought.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

In clinical psychology, what is meant by ?dissociation??

Dissociation happens when people feel detached from themselves or the world around them. It?s like their brain "takes a break" from certain thoughts, feelings, or memories, making them feel disconnected.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which disorder is characterized by repetitive, unwanted thoughts and compulsive behaviors?

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) makes people have troubling thoughts (obsessions) and feel like they need to do certain actions (compulsions) over and over, like washing their hands many times to feel clean.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

The technique of "flooding" is used to treat what type of psychological disorders?

Flooding is when someone faces their biggest fear all at once, without any breaks. The idea is that by staying in the scary situation, the fear will eventually go away because the brain realizes nothing bad happens.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

Negative symptoms in schizophrenia are things that are "taken away," like not wanting to do things or feeling emotionally flat. Positive symptoms are things that are "added," like hearing voices or seeing things that aren't there.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which type of therapy focuses on uncovering unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences?

Psychoanalysis helps people look deep inside themselves to find hidden feelings or memories, often from when they were young. This helps them understand why they feel the way they do now.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

In clinical psychology, what does the term "comorbidity" refer to?

Comorbidity means that a person has more than one mental health issue at the same time, like someone with both depression and anxiety. It makes treatment more complicated but also more important to address both problems.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which personality disorder is characterized by unstable moods, relationships, and self-image?

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) makes people have intense emotions, often feeling really happy and then really sad, and it can be hard for them to keep stable relationships because of the mood changes.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

What is a core component of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)?

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) teaches people to be mindful, which means paying attention to the present moment without judging it. This helps them handle strong emotions better.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

When someone believes that unrelated events are speaking directly to them, what symptom are they experiencing?

A delusion of reference happens when someone thinks things, like a TV show or a stranger's conversation, are secretly meant just for them. This can happen in disorders like schizophrenia.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which part of the brain is primarily involved in processing emotions, especially fear?

The amygdala is like your brain's "fear center." It helps you feel emotions, especially fear, and prepares your body to react to danger.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

In the context of anxiety disorders, what is the "fight or flight" response?

The fight or flight response is how your body reacts to danger. Your heart beats faster, and you get ready to either fight or run away. This is a natural response to stress, but in anxiety disorders, it can be triggered too easily.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is primarily used to:

The Beck Depression Inventory helps doctors figure out how bad someone's depression is. It has questions about feelings, thoughts, and behaviors, and the answers help show how much the person is struggling.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which therapy is most focused on changing a person's behavior by using reinforcement techniques?

Behavioral therapy is about changing what people do. It rewards good behaviors and helps stop bad ones, so people can learn to act in healthier ways.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

What is the main goal of psychodynamic therapy?

Psychodynamic therapy tries to bring out feelings and conflicts buried deep in a person's mind. It helps them see how these hidden things affect their current thoughts and behaviors.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which disorder involves a lack of interest or pleasure in almost all activities?

Major Depressive Disorder can make people feel sad all the time and not enjoy things that usually make them happy. It's more than just being sad?it's a serious mental health problem.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

What type of reinforcement strengthens a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus?

Negative reinforcement happens when you do something that stops something bad from happening, like taking medicine to stop a headache. It encourages you to do the behavior again in the future.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which disorder is characterized by extreme fear of social situations?

Social Anxiety Disorder makes people afraid of being judged or embarrassed in social situations. This can stop them from doing things like speaking in public or even going to a party.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

What is the main focus of humanistic therapy?

Humanistic therapy helps people understand their feelings and encourages them to grow and reach their full potential. It's all about being your best self.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which term refers to the practice of repeatedly exposing someone to the thing they fear, in a controlled way?

Systematic desensitization is like slowly teaching your brain that the thing you're scared of isn?t as scary as you think. You face it step by step until you get more comfortable.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

In cognitive therapy, the term "cognitive distortions" refers to:

Cognitive distortions are like mental tricks your brain plays on you. They make you see things in a negative or exaggerated way, which can cause problems like depression or anxiety.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which technique is most commonly used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Exposure and response prevention helps people with OCD by teaching them to face their obsessive thoughts without doing the compulsive actions they feel they must do, like washing hands over and over.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

The diathesis-stress model of mental disorders suggests that mental illnesses are caused by:

The diathesis-stress model says that some people are more likely to develop a mental illness because of their genes, but it usually takes something stressful in their life to trigger the illness.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

In psychopharmacology, which class of drugs is primarily used to treat psychosis?

Antipsychotics help people with psychosis by reducing symptoms like hallucinations or delusions. They work on chemicals in the brain to help people think more clearly.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which type of therapy involves the family members in treatment, not just the individual?

Family therapy involves all family members in treatment to help solve problems and improve communication. It's especially useful when family dynamics play a role in someone?s mental health issues.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

In clinical psychology, which technique is used to uncover repressed memories?

Hypnosis can sometimes help people uncover memories or thoughts that are deeply buried in their minds. However, it's controversial because these memories may not always be reliable.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which mental disorder involves a person alternating between periods of extreme euphoria and deep depression?

Bipolar disorder makes a person?s mood swing between very happy (mania) and very sad (depression). It can be difficult to manage because the mood changes are extreme.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which therapy focuses on teaching patients to tolerate distress and regulate their emotions effectively?

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) teaches skills to manage difficult emotions and reduce impulsive behavior. It?s especially helpful for people with Borderline Personality Disorder.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which form of therapy involves changing a person's distorted and irrational thoughts?

Cognitive therapy helps people recognize and change distorted thoughts, like always expecting the worst, which can lead to mental health issues like depression or anxiety.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which disorder is characterized by chronic and excessive worry about multiple events or activities?

Generalized Anxiety Disorder makes people worry excessively about a lot of things, like work, health, or even everyday tasks, to the point where it becomes hard to function.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

The use of "token economies" is most commonly associated with which type of therapy?

Token economies are used in behavioral therapy to reward people with small tokens when they do something good. These tokens can then be exchanged for a prize, helping encourage positive behavior.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which term describes the belief that one is being targeted or persecuted by others, a common symptom in schizophrenia?

Paranoia is when someone believes people are out to get them, even when there?s no real reason to think that. This is common in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

In exposure therapy for PTSD, what does "imaginal exposure" involve?

Imaginal exposure helps people with PTSD by having them talk about and remember traumatic events in a safe way, so they can process the emotions and reduce the fear they associate with those memories.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which disorder is characterized by frequent panic attacks that occur without warning?

Panic Disorder makes people have sudden, intense panic attacks that feel like a heart attack. These can happen even when there's no real danger, and it can make people afraid of when the next one will happen.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

In clinical psychology, what does "person-centered therapy" emphasize?

Person-centered therapy is all about helping the client find their own solutions and grow. The therapist is more of a guide, encouraging the client to explore their feelings and take control of their own development.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

People with PTSD often have flashbacks, where they feel like they?re reliving a traumatic event over and over, even though it happened in the past. This can make them feel scared or anxious.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in regulating mood, anxiety, and sleep?

Serotonin is a chemical in the brain that helps regulate your mood, sleep, and feelings of anxiety. When there?s not enough serotonin, it can lead to problems like depression or anxiety.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

The term "learned helplessness" is best explained as:

Learned helplessness happens when someone tries to solve a problem over and over and keeps failing. Eventually, they stop trying because they think nothing will ever work, even if the situation changes.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which type of memory is most affected in dissociative amnesia?

Dissociative amnesia affects episodic memory, which is the memory of personal events. People might forget important events from their own lives, often linked to trauma.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which defense mechanism involves redirecting unacceptable feelings from the original source to a safer substitute?

Displacement happens when someone takes out their feelings on a less threatening target. For example, if you?re angry at your boss, you might go home and yell at your family instead.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which technique involves instructing a client to increase their anxious behaviors deliberately?

Paradoxical intention involves having the client deliberately increase their anxious behaviors to break the cycle of fear. The idea is that by facing the anxiety head-on, the fear becomes less powerful.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which type of therapy is based on the idea that people have free will and are capable of self-healing?

Humanistic therapy focuses on helping people reach their full potential and believes that everyone has the power to grow and heal. It emphasizes the importance of personal choice and responsibility.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

The part of the neuron that sends signals to other neurons is called the:

The axon is like a long wire that carries messages from one neuron to another, just like how we send messages to friends on our phones.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

Which neurotransmitter is most involved in mood regulation?

Serotonin is like the happy juice in our brain. When there?s enough of it, we feel calm and happy; when there?s less, we might feel sad or worried.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for processing visual information?

The occipital lobe is like the TV screen of your brain. It takes everything your eyes see and turns it into pictures in your mind.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

What is the primary function of the hippocampus?

The hippocampus is like your brain?s memory card. It helps you remember what happened today, yesterday, and stores new things you learn.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

Which structure of the limbic system is involved in emotional responses, especially fear?

The amygdala is like the brain?s alarm system. When you feel scared or upset, it's because the amygdala is sending signals to react.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

Damage to the Broca?s area of the brain primarily affects:

Broca?s area helps you speak, like the voice inside your head. If it?s hurt, talking can become hard or slow.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

The nervous system is divided into central and peripheral systems. Which of the following belongs to the central nervous system?

The spinal cord is like the superhighway that sends messages from your brain to your body. It?s a part of the central nervous system, along with the brain.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the reward system in the brain?

Dopamine is like a "gold star" for your brain. When something makes you feel good, like eating a treat, dopamine says, ?Yay! Let?s do this again!?
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

What is the primary role of myelin sheaths in the nervous system?

Myelin is like the insulation around an electrical wire. It helps messages in your brain travel super fast from one place to another.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

Which brain region is most associated with decision-making and planning?

The frontal lobe is like the manager of your brain. It helps you decide what to do next, plan your day, and even think about the future.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

In the context of the action potential, which ions move inside the neuron to initiate the depolarization phase?

When a neuron sends a message, sodium ions rush in like a flood of water, making the inside of the neuron excited and ready to pass the message along.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating voluntary movement?

The cerebellum is like the conductor of an orchestra, making sure your movements are smooth, balanced, and perfectly timed.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

Which hormone is released by the adrenal glands in response to stress?

Cortisol is like your body?s stress superhero. When things get tough, cortisol helps you handle it by giving you energy and focus.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

The blood-brain barrier primarily functions to:

The blood-brain barrier is like a superhero shield for your brain, only letting in what it needs and keeping out the bad stuff.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

What is the effect of an agonist on neurotransmitter activity?

An agonist is like a cheerleader for neurotransmitters. It helps them do their job better by boosting their activity.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

Which of the following is a key characteristic of an action potential?

An action potential is like flipping a switch ? it either happens completely or not at all, like turning a light on or off.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for:

The parasympathetic nervous system is like the cool-down phase after running. It helps your body relax, slows your heart, and makes you feel calm again.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

Which area of the brain is considered essential for speech comprehension?

Wernicke?s Area is like the translator in your brain. It helps you understand what people are saying to you. Without it, words can sound jumbled.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

What role does GABA play in the brain?

GABA is like a stop sign in your brain. It tells neurons to slow down or stop, helping you stay calm and focused.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

Damage to the cerebellum would most likely result in:

The cerebellum helps you move smoothly. If it?s damaged, you might feel clumsy, like trying to walk on a tightrope without balancing.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

What type of memory is used for temporarily holding information, such as a phone number you just looked up?

Working memory is like the sticky note in your brain. You use it to hold information for a short time, like remembering a phone number for a few seconds.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

Which cognitive process involves focusing on specific stimuli while ignoring others?

Attention is like a flashlight. It helps you focus on one thing at a time while ignoring everything else in the dark.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

The tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is called:

The serial position effect is like a sandwich. You remember the top (first items) and the bottom (last items) better than the stuff in the middle.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information is known as:

Perception is like putting together a puzzle. Your brain takes pieces of information from your senses and creates a full picture of the world around you.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

In cognitive psychology, what is "schema"?

A schema is like a file folder in your brain. It helps you organize everything you know about a topic so that you can find information quickly.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

The "Stroop effect" demonstrates difficulty in:

The Stroop effect is like when your brain gets confused. If you see the word ?Red? written in blue, it?s hard to say the color because your brain wants to read the word instead!
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

The "cocktail party effect" refers to the ability to:

The cocktail party effect is like having superhero hearing. You can listen to your friend talk, even when a lot of noise is happening around you.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

Which type of problem-solving strategy involves trying multiple solutions until one works?

Trial and error is like trying keys to open a lock. You keep testing each one until you find the one that works.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

What type of memory involves conscious recollection of previous experiences or information?

Declarative memory is like the "memory book" of your brain. You can open it up to think about facts or events from the past.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

In decision-making, the availability heuristic refers to:

The availability heuristic is like picking the first thing that pops into your head because it?s the easiest to remember. It may not always be the best choice!
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

Which of the following is an example of procedural memory?

Procedural memory is like muscle memory. You don?t need to think about it, you just know how to do things like riding a bike or tying your shoes.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

The concept of "functional fixedness" refers to the difficulty in:

Functional fixedness is like only using a pencil for writing, even though you could use it to poke a hole or stir something. It?s hard to think of new uses for familiar objects.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

What is the role of the hippocampus in cognition?

The hippocampus is like your brain?s memory keeper. It helps you save new memories, like storing new photos in an album.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

The "primacy effect" in memory refers to:

The primacy effect is like remembering the first bite of a delicious meal. You tend to recall the first things you experience more clearly.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

Which cognitive bias involves overestimating how much you knew after learning the outcome of an event?

Hindsight bias is like saying ?I knew it all along!? after something happens, even if you didn?t really know. It?s how your brain tricks you into thinking you expected it.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

The mental shortcut that helps people make decisions and judgments quickly and efficiently, but sometimes inaccurately, is called:

A heuristic is like a quick guess or shortcut your brain takes. It helps you make decisions fast, but sometimes it leads to mistakes.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

In cognitive development, Piaget?s concept of "conservation" refers to a child?s understanding that:

Conservation is like knowing that if you squish a ball of clay, it?s still the same amount of clay even though it looks different.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

Which process involves storing, retaining, and recalling information when needed?

Memory is like your brain?s filing cabinet. It keeps information safe until you need to pull it out later to use.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

The phenomenon where old information interferes with learning new information is called:

Proactive interference is like when you keep writing the old year (2023) even though it?s already the new year (2024). Your brain gets stuck on the old information.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

Which theory explains that people attribute their own and others' behavior to either internal dispositions or external situations?

Attribution theory is like playing detective. We try to figure out why someone did something?was it their personality (internal) or the situation they were in (external)?
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

The "foot-in-the-door" technique involves:

The "foot-in-the-door" technique is like getting someone to say ?yes? to a little thing first, and then asking for a bigger favor once they?ve already agreed.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

In group decision-making, which phenomenon involves a group making a more extreme decision than its members would individually?

Group polarization is like being at a party where everyone starts talking, and the more they agree, the stronger and more extreme their opinions become.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

When individuals in a group lose self-awareness and become less likely to follow normal behavior, it is called:

Deindividuation is like wearing a mask at a costume party. You might feel like you can act differently or even misbehave because no one knows who you are.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

Which of the following is an example of normative social influence?

Normative social influence is like going along with what your friends do, even if you don?t agree, just because you want them to like you.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

The tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group compared to when working alone is called:

Social loafing is like when you?re on a group project and some people don?t try as hard because they know others will pick up the slack.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

What is the "bystander effect"?

The bystander effect is like when someone falls, and no one helps because everyone thinks someone else will do it. The more people around, the less likely anyone helps.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

Which of the following describes the concept of "cognitive dissonance"?

Cognitive dissonance is like when you believe lying is wrong, but then you lie anyway, and it makes you feel uneasy because your actions don?t match your beliefs.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

The "self-serving bias" refers to:

Self-serving bias is like giving yourself a pat on the back when things go well, but blaming the weather or bad luck when things go wrong.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

In Milgram's famous obedience experiment, participants were willing to administer shocks because of:

The obedience in Milgram's experiment is like listening to a teacher even when you know what they?re asking is wrong, because the person in charge says to do it.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

The "fundamental attribution error" refers to the tendency to:

Fundamental attribution error is like thinking someone is rude because they cut in line, when really, they might just be in a hurry due to an emergency.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

Which theory suggests that prejudice can arise when groups compete for limited resources?

Realistic conflict theory is like when two groups both want the same prize, and they start to dislike each other because they see each other as competitors.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

Social facilitation occurs when:

Social facilitation is like doing better at a sport when people are watching because their presence gives you extra energy or motivation.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

The phenomenon where people tend to blame victims for their misfortune, believing the world is fair, is called:

The just-world hypothesis is like thinking that bad things only happen to people who deserve them, so we feel safer believing that the world is fair and predictable.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

Which term describes adjusting one?s behavior or thinking to match a group standard?

Conformity is like when you wear the same clothes as your friends so you can fit in, even if you don?t really like them.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

What is "ingroup bias"?

Ingroup bias is like cheering for your favorite sports team and thinking they?re the best, even if they?re not always winning. You favor your own group.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

The "halo effect" occurs when:

The halo effect is like thinking someone is smart because they?re good-looking, letting one good quality color your entire view of the person.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

Which concept explains why people may fail to take action in emergencies because others are present?

Diffusion of responsibility is like thinking, "Someone else will help," when you see an accident, so you don?t step in, expecting others to take care of it.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

Social identity theory suggests that:

Social identity theory is like feeling proud to be part of your school?s team or a club. Your group identity becomes part of who you are.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

Which phenomenon explains why people perform worse on complex tasks in the presence of others?

Social inhibition is like freezing up during a test when everyone is watching, even though you knew the answers when you were alone. You feel nervous and perform worse.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

According to Piaget, during which stage do children begin to understand conservation, the idea that quantity remains the same even when the shape changes?

Conservation is like knowing that if you flatten a ball of clay, it's still the same amount of clay, even though it looks different. This understanding develops during the concrete operational stage.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

In Erikson?s psychosocial stages, what is the primary conflict during adolescence?

Identity vs. Role Confusion is like trying to figure out who you are. Adolescents start asking big questions like "Who am I?" and "What do I want to be?"
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

What is the term for the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen?

Object permanence is like knowing your toy is still under the blanket even though you can't see it. Babies develop this understanding during the sensorimotor stage.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

According to Vygotsky, what is the term for the gap between what a child can do alone and what they can do with help?

The Zone of Proximal Development is like when you need just a little help from a grown-up to do something you almost know how to do by yourself.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

Which type of attachment is characterized by children who are upset when their caregiver leaves but are easily comforted when they return?

Secure attachment is like feeling safe with your parent. You?re sad when they leave, but you calm down because you know they will come back.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

Which of the following is an example of a teratogen?

A teratogen is like something bad for the baby while it?s growing inside the mommy, like alcohol or certain drugs. It can harm the baby?s development.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

In terms of language development, what does "overextension" mean?

Overextension is like calling every animal with four legs a "dog" because the child learned the word "dog" and applies it to everything similar.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

According to Piaget, what is the ability to think logically about hypothetical situations and use abstract reasoning?

Formal operations are like being able to solve puzzles in your head without needing to actually touch the pieces. You can think about possibilities that aren?t real.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

What is the primary characteristic of the preoperational stage of cognitive development?

Egocentrism is like when a child thinks that everyone sees the world the same way they do. If they like a toy, they assume everyone else does too.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, at which stage do individuals begin to value laws and rules for maintaining social order?

In the conventional stage, people start thinking, "If everyone breaks the rules, things will be chaotic!" They follow rules because it keeps society running smoothly.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

The process by which new experiences are interpreted within the context of existing schemas is called:

Assimilation is like trying to fit a new puzzle piece into a spot where it almost fits. You use what you already know to understand something new.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

In which stage of prenatal development does the heart begin to beat?

The embryonic stage is when all the important organs start forming, including the heart. It?s like the foundation being laid for a building.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

In Baumrind?s model of parenting styles, which style is associated with high responsiveness but low demands?

Permissive parenting is like when parents are very loving and caring but don?t set many rules or expectations. The child has a lot of freedom but little structure.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

What is the term for the pattern of emotional and social development that occurs throughout a person's life?

Psychosocial development is like growing up and figuring out how to feel about yourself and interact with others, from childhood to adulthood.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

Which psychologist is known for their theory of multiple intelligences, which includes abilities like musical, spatial, and interpersonal intelligence?

Howard Gardner?s theory is like thinking of your brain as having different parts for different talents?some people are better at music, others at math, and so on.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

According to the theory of mind, at what age do children typically begin to understand that other people can have different beliefs and knowledge than they do?

Theory of mind is like realizing that your friend can think something different from you. Around 4 years old, kids start to understand that others don?t always know what they know.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

Which of the following is NOT a stage in Freud?s theory of psychosexual development?

The concrete stage belongs to Piaget?s theory of cognitive development, not Freud?s psychosexual stages. Freud?s stages are focused on how early experiences shape personality.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

During which of Piaget?s stages does a child first develop the ability to engage in symbolic play and use language to represent objects?

Symbolic play is like when a child pretends a block is a car. This imaginative thinking happens in the preoperational stage, where they learn to use symbols like words or drawings.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

Which theory suggests that children learn gender roles by observing and imitating others, as well as through rewards and punishments?

Social learning theory is like watching how others behave. If a boy sees men working on cars and gets praised for doing the same, he learns that?s part of his role.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

According to Ainsworth, a child who shows anxiety when the caregiver leaves but does not seem comforted by their return is exhibiting:

Insecure-resistant attachment is like when a child feels confused?they want comfort but also seem unsure if they?ll get it, so they stay upset even when their caregiver returns.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

Which of the following is the most appropriate definition of reliability in psychological measurement?

Reliability is like using a ruler to measure the same thing multiple times. If you get the same result each time, the ruler is reliable because it gives consistent results.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

What is the key difference between content validity and construct validity?

Content validity is like checking if you asked enough questions about all parts of a topic. Construct validity checks if you?re really measuring what you say you are.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

Which of the following is an example of a nominal scale of measurement?

A nominal scale is like putting things into categories. For example, people can be sorted by gender, but there?s no ranking or order to it.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

Which statistical test is most appropriate for analyzing the difference between the means of two independent groups?

A t-test is like comparing two different flavors of ice cream to see if one is really more popular than the other. You?re comparing two independent groups to find out if they are different.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

What is the purpose of random assignment in experimental research?

Random assignment is like flipping a coin to decide who gets which treatment in an experiment. It helps make sure other factors don?t mess up the results.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

In psychological research, what does "external validity" refer to?

External validity is like seeing if the results from one group of people can be applied to other groups, like using results from one school to predict what will happen in other schools.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

What does the term "operational definition" mean in the context of psychological research?

An operational definition is like giving clear instructions on how to measure something. If you're studying happiness, you might define it by how many times someone smiles in a day.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

A Type I error occurs when:

A Type I error is like thinking you heard a knock on the door when nobody is actually there. You think something happened when it didn?t.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

Which measure of central tendency is most affected by extreme scores?

The mean is like finding the average height in a room. If one person is extremely tall, it pulls the average up. That?s why the mean can be influenced by extreme values.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

Which of the following is an advantage of using a within-subjects design in experiments?

A within-subjects design is like testing the same person under different conditions. Since you?re using the same people for all parts of the experiment, you don?t need as many participants.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

In a normal distribution, what percentage of data falls within one standard deviation of the mean?

A normal distribution is like the classic bell curve. Most data points are close to the middle, and about 68% fall within one standard deviation of the average.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

Which type of validity refers to the degree to which a test predicts future performance?

Predictive validity is like using a test to see how well someone will do in the future, like a college entrance exam that predicts how well you?ll do in school.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

In research methodology, what does the term "double-blind procedure" mean?

A double-blind procedure is like playing a guessing game where neither the players nor the referee know who has the winning card. This helps keep things fair and unbiased.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

In a factor analysis, what is the purpose of "factor rotation"?

Factor rotation is like turning a puzzle piece until it fits perfectly. It helps make complex data easier to understand by organizing it better.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

What does a p-value in hypothesis testing represent?

A p-value is like flipping a coin and asking, ?Was that result just random?? It tells you if the results of your study are likely due to chance or if they are meaningful.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good psychological test?

A good psychological test should be fair and objective, like a math test with clear answers. Subjectivity means being influenced by personal feelings, which is not ideal for a scientific test.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

What is the difference between correlation and causation?

Correlation is like noticing that when it rains, more people carry umbrellas. But just because it rains doesn?t mean umbrellas cause the rain! Causation means one thing directly leads to another.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

Which of the following techniques is used to control for order effects in a within-subjects design?

Counterbalancing is like letting two kids take turns choosing games. By switching the order, you make sure one choice doesn?t unfairly affect the outcome.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

The concept of face validity refers to:

Face validity is like a test that looks like it?s measuring what it says it is, even if it?s not necessarily doing so. It?s about appearances rather than deeper accuracy.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

Which method is used to estimate the consistency of a psychological test across different occasions?

Test-retest reliability is like taking the same test twice over a few days. If you get similar scores, it shows the test is reliable across time.

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shahzaib hassan