Stratification involves exposing seeds to specific moisture and temperature conditions to break dormancy and initiate germination.

Agroforestry involves growing trees alongside crops to enhance pest control, improve nutrient utilization, and increase biodiversity.

Clay has the smallest particle size among soil types, leading to high water retention and low permeability.

In regions with high rainfall, leaching of basic cations (such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium) occurs, leading to an increase in hydrogen ion concentration and resulting in more acidic soils. This process is a common natural phenomenon in high-rainfall areas.

Sandy soils have large particles and low water-holding capacity. Incorporating organic matter, such as compost or manure, can improve the soil's structure and increase its ability to retain moisture, benefiting plant growth.

The A horizon, or topsoil, is the uppermost layer of the soil profile and contains the highest concentration of organic matter. This layer is rich in decomposed plant and animal materials, which contribute to soil fertility and structure.

Soil compaction occurs when soil particles are pressed together, reducing pore space and impeding root growth and water infiltration. This is most likely to happen under the pressure of heavy machinery, particularly when soils are moist and susceptible to compression.

Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is a measure of a soil's ability to hold and exchange positively charged ions (cations). Soils with high CEC can retain more nutrients, making them available for plant uptake. This property is crucial for soil fertility and plant nutrition.