The commutator of the position and momentum operators, [x, p] = iℏ, is a fundamental concept in Quantum Mechanics. It represents the uncertainty principle, which states that certain pairs of physical properties (such as position and momentum) cannot be precisely known at the same time.

Wavefunction collapse refers to the process where a wavefunction, which initially exists in a superposition of multiple eigenstates, abruptly transitions into a single eigenstate as a result of a measurement. This concept is central to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, which posits that the act of measurement causes the system to 'choose' one of the possible outcomes, collapsing the wavefunction to a specific state.

The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle specifically quantifies the limits of measurement precision. It states that the product of the uncertainties in position (Δ𝑥) and momentum (Δ𝑝) of a particle is always greater than or equal to ℏ/2, where ℏ is the reduced Planck constant. Mathematically, Δ𝑥 ⋅ Δ𝑝 ≥ ℏ / 2. This principle does not state that position and momentum cannot be measured simultaneously, but rather that there is a fundamental limit to the precision with which they can be known simultaneously.

This is because the net magnetic flux through any closed surface is always zero. This is known as Gauss's law for magnetism. It is a consequence of the fact that there are no magnetic monopoles, meaning that magnetic field lines always form closed loops.