shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

What is the primary difference between a longitudinal study and a cross-sectional study?

A longitudinal study is like checking in on the same people every few years, while a cross-sectional study is like taking a snapshot of different people at one point in time.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

Which theory suggests that our social behavior is an exchange process, where the aim is to maximize benefits and minimize costs?

Social exchange theory is like making decisions in friendships and relationships based on what you?ll get out of it. It?s like doing something nice for someone because you expect something nice in return.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

What term describes the process by which a behavior that is followed by a satisfying outcome is more likely to occur again?

Operant conditioning is like when you do something and get a reward for it, so you?re more likely to do it again. It?s learning through consequences.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

According to Freud, which part of the personality operates on the "pleasure principle"?

The id is like the little voice inside your head that always wants what it wants right now, no matter the consequences. It?s like a little child who doesn?t think about rules.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

In social psychology, what is the phenomenon called when people are less likely to help someone in need when others are present?

The bystander effect is like when you see someone needing help but think, ?Someone else will do it,? so you don?t step in. The more people there are, the less likely anyone will help.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

Which of the following neurotransmitters is most closely associated with mood regulation and is often targeted in the treatment of depression?

Serotonin is like the ?feel-good? chemical in your brain. If you don?t have enough of it, you can feel sad or depressed, which is why antidepressants help boost it.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

What part of the brain is primarily responsible for the regulation of hunger and thirst?

The hypothalamus is like your brain?s control center for hunger and thirst. It tells your body when you need food and water, just like an alarm clock reminding you to eat.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, the bell represents which component of the conditioning process?

The bell is the conditioned stimulus because the dog learns to associate the sound of the bell with food, and it starts drooling even if no food is present. It wasn?t like this at the start; the bell had to be "learned."
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

Which theory of emotion suggests that we experience emotions after interpreting physiological arousal in the context of our environment?

The Schachter-Singer Theory says that when something happens, your body reacts first (like your heart racing), and then your brain figures out why it?s happening, and that?s what creates the emotion.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

Which method is used to estimate the consistency of a psychological test across different occasions?

Test-retest reliability is like taking the same test twice over a few days. If you get similar scores, it shows the test is reliable across time.

PSYCHOLOGY