shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

In the context of learning, what is "shaping"?

Shaping is like teaching a dog to roll over. You reward the dog for small steps toward the final trick, like lying down, and then for turning partway, until the full roll-over is achieved.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

Which term refers to the belief that one?s culture is superior to others?

Ethnocentrism is like when someone believes that the way their family or country does things is the ?right? way, and everyone else?s way is wrong or inferior.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

Which of the following is NOT part of the limbic system?

The medulla oblongata is not part of the limbic system; it controls basic functions like breathing and heart rate. The limbic system, on the other hand, is like the brain?s emotion center.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

What type of reinforcement schedule provides reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses?

A variable-ratio schedule is like playing a slot machine. You never know when you?re going to win, but the unpredictability makes you keep playing. It?s a powerful way to reinforce behavior.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

In Maslow?s hierarchy of needs, which type of need must be fulfilled before an individual can focus on self-actualization?

Physiological needs are like the basic things you need to survive?food, water, shelter. You can?t focus on becoming the best version of yourself if you?re hungry or thirsty.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

In attribution theory, what is the tendency to underestimate situational factors and overestimate personal traits when explaining others' behavior?

The fundamental attribution error is like thinking that someone is rude because of their personality, not because they?re having a bad day. We tend to blame their character, not the situation.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

Which hormone is responsible for the fight-or-flight response during stress?

Cortisol is like your body?s ?alarm system? during stress. When something stressful happens, your body releases cortisol to help you deal with the situation quickly.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

According to Erikson, what is the primary psychosocial conflict faced during young adulthood?

In young adulthood, Erikson says people are figuring out whether they want close relationships or whether they?ll end up feeling alone. It?s like deciding if you want to build friendships or stay isolated.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

In which stage of Piaget?s cognitive development do children begin to think logically about concrete events, but struggle with abstract concepts?

The concrete operational stage is like when kids are able to solve simple math problems but might not yet understand bigger ideas like freedom or justice. They can think logically, but only about real things they can see.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

What term describes the mental shortcut we use when making quick judgments based on how easily examples come to mind?

The availability heuristic is like thinking shark attacks are common because you saw one on TV, even though they are actually rare. You make a quick judgment based on what comes to mind easily.

PSYCHOLOGY