GAT Subject Test (Psychology)

National Testing Service Pakistan

6 contributor - 1 Folowers




Anna IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Verbal Reasoning

Many find it strange that her writing is thought to be tortuous; her recent essays, although longer than most of her earlier essays, are extremely_______.

Anmol Qamar

It is tedious right option?

Anna IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Verbal Reasoning

The author presents the life of Zane Grey with _____ unusual in a biographer: he is not even convinced that Grey was a good writer.

Fani Warraich

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Bashir Farooqi IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Verbal Reasoning

During their operational lifetimes, the majority of spacecraft currently face minimal risk of collision with space junk, but given the number of new satellites launched each year, the orbital environment is likely to be less ________ in the future.

Bashir Farooqi IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Verbal Reasoning

Florence Nightingale was ___ in the development of modern medicine, ___ such practices as sanitization of hospital wards and isolation of actively infected patients.

Florence Nightingale was a pioneer in the development of modern medicine. She was an innovator who initiated such practices as sanitization of hospital wards and isolation of actively infected patients. She was not a collaborator who rejected these practices, nor was she a maverick who protested them. She was an individual who saw the need for these practices and worked to implement them. The other choices are incorrect. A collaborator is someone who works with others. Nightingale did not work with others to reject these practices. A maverick is someone who goes against the established order. Nightingale did not go against the established order by protesting these practices. A pioneer is someone who is the first to do something. Nightingale was not the first person to suggest these practices, but she was the first person to successfully implement them. An individualist is someone who does things their own way. Nightingale did not do things her own way by standardizing these practices. She worked with others to standardize them.
Muhammad Tayyab Ikhlas IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Verbal Reasoning

Linda Greenhouse's articles for the New York Times are an outstanding example of ___, capsulizing prose into a necessarily limited space.

Muhammad Tayyab Ikhlas IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Verbal Reasoning

Roberto Clement was seen as ___ during his life because of both his selflessness on the baseball field and his humanitarian work in his native Nicaragua

Muhammad Tayyab Ikhlas IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Verbal Reasoning

His habit of spending more than he earned left him in a state of perpetual------ but he------------hoping to see a more affluent day

Muhammad Tayyab Ikhlas IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Verbal Reasoning

Known for his commitment to numerous worthy causes, the philanthropist deserved------ for his-----------

Muhammad Tayyab Ikhlas IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Verbal Reasoning

You should --------this paragraph in order to make your essay more-----

Muhammad Tayyab Ikhlas IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Verbal Reasoning

A------glance pays-----attention to details

Muhammad Tayyab Ikhlas IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Verbal Reasoning

Surprisingly enough, it is more difficult to write about the--------than about the---and strange.

The sentence is comparing the difficulty of writing about two different things. The first part of the sentence sets up the contrast by stating that it is more difficult to write about something "surprisingly enough" than something else. The key to understanding the correct answer is to recognize the contrast between the two words in each pair. "Commonplace" refers to things that are ordinary, everyday, or familiar. These are things that are not particularly interesting or unusual. "Exotic" refers to things that are foreign, unusual, or unique. These are things that are out of the ordinary and intriguing because of their distinctiveness. Given this contrast, it makes sense that it would be more difficult to write about something commonplace (which lacks inherent interest or novelty) compared to something exotic (which has a built-in level of intrigue and uniqueness). Therefore, option C is the correct answer because it correctly captures this contrast in difficulty.
Muhammad Tayyab Ikhlas IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Verbal Reasoning

A-----response is one that is made with----------.

In this sentence, a "speedy" response is described as one made with "alacrity," which means briskness, eagerness, or willingness to respond quickly and with enthusiasm. This choice of words creates a logical and coherent sentence.
Muhammad Tayyab Ikhlas IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Verbal Reasoning

3. A----is a-------.

In this sentence, a "norm" is described as a "standard." This pairing of words makes sense and creates a coherent sentence. Norms often refer to accepted standards or behaviors within a group or society.
Muhammad Tayyab Ikhlas IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Verbal Reasoning

It is widely believed that a nuclear war could ____ enough smoke and dust to block out the sun and freeze the earth.

In this context, "billow" means to produce large quantities of smoke and dust, which could have the described catastrophic effects on the environment.
Muhammad Tayyab Ikhlas IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Verbal Reasoning

Consumption of red meat has ____ because its fat content has become a worrisome and ____ matter.

In this context, "declined" fits with the idea that people are eating less red meat, and "controversial" suggests that there is debate or disagreement about its health implications, particularly related to its fat content
Muhammad Tayyab Ikhlas IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Verbal Reasoning

It takes ____ character to ____ the extremities of the arctic region.

Muhammad Tayyab Ikhlas IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Verbal Reasoning

Consumers refused to buy meat products from the company because of rumors that the water supply at the meat processing plant was ______; the rumors, however, were quite ______, with no hard evidence to back them up.

This choice of words creates a coherent sentence where "contaminated" refers to the rumors about the water supply being polluted, and "unsubstantiated" means that there was no concrete evidence to support these rumors
Muhammad Tayyab Ikhlas IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Verbal Reasoning

Many kinds of harmful viruses are unhindered when passing through different parts of the host organism; indeed, there are few organic substances which such viruses’ cannot______.

Muhammad Tayyab Ikhlas IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Verbal Reasoning

Their conversation was unsettling, for the gravity of their topic contrasted so oddly with the ______ of their tone

Muhammad Tayyab Ikhlas IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Verbal Reasoning

Throughout the animal kingdom, ____ bigger than the elephant.

Fani Warraich IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Verbal Reasoning

Although its publicity has been ___, the film itself is intelligent, well-acted, handsomely produced and altogether ___

Fani Warraich IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Verbal Reasoning

The Inuit natives of Alaska's North Slope worry that ___ oil exploration might ___their sensitive natural environment.

Fani Warraich IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Verbal Reasoning

Ants live in colonies based on ___; each member contributes to the good of all by actively working with others in performing necessary tasks.

Sidis IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Verbal Reasoning

In the given sentence, identify the gerund phrase: "Running marathons in extreme weather conditions requires immense determination and endurance."

A gerund phrase is a phrase consisting of a gerund (a verb form ending in "-ing") and any modifiers or complements. In this sentence, "Running marathons" functions as a gerund phrase because "running" is a gerund acting as the subject of the sentence.
Sidis IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Verbal Reasoning

Identify the logical fallacy in the following argument: "I've never seen a black swan; therefore, black swans do not exist."

The argument makes a broad generalization based on insufficient evidence. Seeing no black swans personally does not necessarily mean that they do not exist; it's just an insufficient sample size to draw such a conclusion.
Sidis IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Verbal Reasoning

Choose the word that best completes the analogy: Adorn: Decorate :: _______ : Amass

"Adorn" is a synonym for "decorate." Similarly, "Hoard" is a synonym for "amass" or collect in large quantities.
Sidis IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Verbal Reasoning

Identify the figure of speech used in the following sentence :"The stars danced playfully in the sky."

Personification is the attribution of human characteristics to non-human entities. In this sentence, the stars are described as "dancing playfully," which is a human characteristic attributed to them.
Sidis IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Analytical Reasoning

An office building has five floors, numbered one through five. Each floor has a different color carpet: red, blue, green, yellow, and white. The following conditions must be met: i. The red carpet cannot be on the top floor. ii. The blue carpet must be above the green carpet but below the yellow carpet. iii. The white carpet must be on a higher floor than the green carpet but cannot be on the top floor. In which of the following arrangements is the sequence of floors correctly matched with the colors of their respective carpets?

The arrangement follows all the given conditions: red is not on the top floor, blue is above green and below yellow, and white is above green but not on the top floor.
Sidis IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Analytical Reasoning

In a certain company, there are seven executives: Adam, Ben, Chris, David, Emily, Fiona, and Grace. They are seated in a row of chairs. The following conditions must be met: i. Adam cannot sit next to Chris or Emily. ii. Ben must sit next to David. iii. Fiona cannot sit at either end of the row. Which of the following is a valid arrangement of the executives?

In this arrangement, all the given conditions are met: Adam is not next to Chris or Emily, Ben is next to David, and Fiona is not at either end of the row.
Fani Warraich

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Sidis IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Analytical Reasoning

Five friends – Alex, Brian, Chris, David, and Eric – are participating in a singing competition. They will perform one after the other. The following conditions must be met: i. Alex cannot perform before David or Eric. ii. Brian must perform before Chris. iii. David cannot be the first or last to perform. In which of the following sequences can the friends perform according to the given conditions?

This sequence satisfies all conditions: Alex does not perform before David or Eric, Brian performs before Chris, and David is neither first nor last.
Sidis IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Analytical Reasoning

In a chess tournament, there are six players: Alice, Bob, Carol, David, Emily, and Frank. Each player plays exactly once against each of the other players. The following conditions must be met: i. Alice must play against Bob and Emily. ii. Carol cannot play against David or Frank. iii. Emily must play against Alice and David. How many different matches can be played in total?

There are six players, so each player plays against five other players. However, the matches involving Alice, Emily, and Carol are determined by the given conditions, resulting in 12 matches.
Sidis IQ APTITUDE & ABILITY   -   Analytical Reasoning

Five books – A, B, C, D, and E – are placed on a shelf. The following conditions must be met: i. Book A cannot be placed next to book B. ii. Book C must be placed between books B and D. iii. Book E must be placed somewhere to the right of book A. Which of the following represents a valid arrangement of the books on the shelf, from left to right?

In this arrangement, all the given conditions are met: A is not next to B, C is between B and D, and E is to the right of A.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

What is the primary aim of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in clinical psychology?

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps people notice and change negative thoughts and behaviors that make them feel bad. It focuses on solving problems by thinking differently.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with mood regulation and is targeted by SSRIs in depression treatment?

Serotonin is a chemical that helps you feel happy. When people don't have enough serotonin, they can feel sad or depressed. SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) increase serotonin in the brain, helping improve mood.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

What term is used for persistent and irrational fears that disrupt daily functioning?

Phobias are extreme fears of certain things, like spiders or heights. They can make people avoid activities they would normally do, even though they know the fear isn't logical.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

In clinical psychology, which disorder is characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression?

Bipolar disorder causes big mood swings. Sometimes a person feels very energetic and excited (mania), and other times they feel very sad and tired (depression). These ups and downs can be really hard to manage.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

The most effective treatment for phobias is typically:

Exposure therapy helps people face their fears in a safe way. Over time, their fear gets smaller because they learn that the thing they are afraid of isn?t as scary as they thought.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

In clinical psychology, what is meant by ?dissociation??

Dissociation happens when people feel detached from themselves or the world around them. It?s like their brain "takes a break" from certain thoughts, feelings, or memories, making them feel disconnected.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which disorder is characterized by repetitive, unwanted thoughts and compulsive behaviors?

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) makes people have troubling thoughts (obsessions) and feel like they need to do certain actions (compulsions) over and over, like washing their hands many times to feel clean.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

The technique of "flooding" is used to treat what type of psychological disorders?

Flooding is when someone faces their biggest fear all at once, without any breaks. The idea is that by staying in the scary situation, the fear will eventually go away because the brain realizes nothing bad happens.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

Negative symptoms in schizophrenia are things that are "taken away," like not wanting to do things or feeling emotionally flat. Positive symptoms are things that are "added," like hearing voices or seeing things that aren't there.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which type of therapy focuses on uncovering unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences?

Psychoanalysis helps people look deep inside themselves to find hidden feelings or memories, often from when they were young. This helps them understand why they feel the way they do now.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

In clinical psychology, what does the term "comorbidity" refer to?

Comorbidity means that a person has more than one mental health issue at the same time, like someone with both depression and anxiety. It makes treatment more complicated but also more important to address both problems.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which personality disorder is characterized by unstable moods, relationships, and self-image?

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) makes people have intense emotions, often feeling really happy and then really sad, and it can be hard for them to keep stable relationships because of the mood changes.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

What is a core component of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)?

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) teaches people to be mindful, which means paying attention to the present moment without judging it. This helps them handle strong emotions better.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

When someone believes that unrelated events are speaking directly to them, what symptom are they experiencing?

A delusion of reference happens when someone thinks things, like a TV show or a stranger's conversation, are secretly meant just for them. This can happen in disorders like schizophrenia.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which part of the brain is primarily involved in processing emotions, especially fear?

The amygdala is like your brain's "fear center." It helps you feel emotions, especially fear, and prepares your body to react to danger.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

In the context of anxiety disorders, what is the "fight or flight" response?

The fight or flight response is how your body reacts to danger. Your heart beats faster, and you get ready to either fight or run away. This is a natural response to stress, but in anxiety disorders, it can be triggered too easily.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is primarily used to:

The Beck Depression Inventory helps doctors figure out how bad someone's depression is. It has questions about feelings, thoughts, and behaviors, and the answers help show how much the person is struggling.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which therapy is most focused on changing a person's behavior by using reinforcement techniques?

Behavioral therapy is about changing what people do. It rewards good behaviors and helps stop bad ones, so people can learn to act in healthier ways.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

What is the main goal of psychodynamic therapy?

Psychodynamic therapy tries to bring out feelings and conflicts buried deep in a person's mind. It helps them see how these hidden things affect their current thoughts and behaviors.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which disorder involves a lack of interest or pleasure in almost all activities?

Major Depressive Disorder can make people feel sad all the time and not enjoy things that usually make them happy. It's more than just being sad?it's a serious mental health problem.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

What type of reinforcement strengthens a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus?

Negative reinforcement happens when you do something that stops something bad from happening, like taking medicine to stop a headache. It encourages you to do the behavior again in the future.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which disorder is characterized by extreme fear of social situations?

Social Anxiety Disorder makes people afraid of being judged or embarrassed in social situations. This can stop them from doing things like speaking in public or even going to a party.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

What is the main focus of humanistic therapy?

Humanistic therapy helps people understand their feelings and encourages them to grow and reach their full potential. It's all about being your best self.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which term refers to the practice of repeatedly exposing someone to the thing they fear, in a controlled way?

Systematic desensitization is like slowly teaching your brain that the thing you're scared of isn?t as scary as you think. You face it step by step until you get more comfortable.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

In cognitive therapy, the term "cognitive distortions" refers to:

Cognitive distortions are like mental tricks your brain plays on you. They make you see things in a negative or exaggerated way, which can cause problems like depression or anxiety.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which technique is most commonly used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Exposure and response prevention helps people with OCD by teaching them to face their obsessive thoughts without doing the compulsive actions they feel they must do, like washing hands over and over.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

The diathesis-stress model of mental disorders suggests that mental illnesses are caused by:

The diathesis-stress model says that some people are more likely to develop a mental illness because of their genes, but it usually takes something stressful in their life to trigger the illness.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

In psychopharmacology, which class of drugs is primarily used to treat psychosis?

Antipsychotics help people with psychosis by reducing symptoms like hallucinations or delusions. They work on chemicals in the brain to help people think more clearly.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which type of therapy involves the family members in treatment, not just the individual?

Family therapy involves all family members in treatment to help solve problems and improve communication. It's especially useful when family dynamics play a role in someone?s mental health issues.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

In clinical psychology, which technique is used to uncover repressed memories?

Hypnosis can sometimes help people uncover memories or thoughts that are deeply buried in their minds. However, it's controversial because these memories may not always be reliable.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which mental disorder involves a person alternating between periods of extreme euphoria and deep depression?

Bipolar disorder makes a person?s mood swing between very happy (mania) and very sad (depression). It can be difficult to manage because the mood changes are extreme.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which therapy focuses on teaching patients to tolerate distress and regulate their emotions effectively?

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) teaches skills to manage difficult emotions and reduce impulsive behavior. It?s especially helpful for people with Borderline Personality Disorder.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which form of therapy involves changing a person's distorted and irrational thoughts?

Cognitive therapy helps people recognize and change distorted thoughts, like always expecting the worst, which can lead to mental health issues like depression or anxiety.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which disorder is characterized by chronic and excessive worry about multiple events or activities?

Generalized Anxiety Disorder makes people worry excessively about a lot of things, like work, health, or even everyday tasks, to the point where it becomes hard to function.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

The use of "token economies" is most commonly associated with which type of therapy?

Token economies are used in behavioral therapy to reward people with small tokens when they do something good. These tokens can then be exchanged for a prize, helping encourage positive behavior.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which term describes the belief that one is being targeted or persecuted by others, a common symptom in schizophrenia?

Paranoia is when someone believes people are out to get them, even when there?s no real reason to think that. This is common in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

In exposure therapy for PTSD, what does "imaginal exposure" involve?

Imaginal exposure helps people with PTSD by having them talk about and remember traumatic events in a safe way, so they can process the emotions and reduce the fear they associate with those memories.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which disorder is characterized by frequent panic attacks that occur without warning?

Panic Disorder makes people have sudden, intense panic attacks that feel like a heart attack. These can happen even when there's no real danger, and it can make people afraid of when the next one will happen.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

In clinical psychology, what does "person-centered therapy" emphasize?

Person-centered therapy is all about helping the client find their own solutions and grow. The therapist is more of a guide, encouraging the client to explore their feelings and take control of their own development.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

People with PTSD often have flashbacks, where they feel like they?re reliving a traumatic event over and over, even though it happened in the past. This can make them feel scared or anxious.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in regulating mood, anxiety, and sleep?

Serotonin is a chemical in the brain that helps regulate your mood, sleep, and feelings of anxiety. When there?s not enough serotonin, it can lead to problems like depression or anxiety.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

The term "learned helplessness" is best explained as:

Learned helplessness happens when someone tries to solve a problem over and over and keeps failing. Eventually, they stop trying because they think nothing will ever work, even if the situation changes.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which type of memory is most affected in dissociative amnesia?

Dissociative amnesia affects episodic memory, which is the memory of personal events. People might forget important events from their own lives, often linked to trauma.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which defense mechanism involves redirecting unacceptable feelings from the original source to a safer substitute?

Displacement happens when someone takes out their feelings on a less threatening target. For example, if you?re angry at your boss, you might go home and yell at your family instead.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which technique involves instructing a client to increase their anxious behaviors deliberately?

Paradoxical intention involves having the client deliberately increase their anxious behaviors to break the cycle of fear. The idea is that by facing the anxiety head-on, the fear becomes less powerful.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Clinical Psychology

Which type of therapy is based on the idea that people have free will and are capable of self-healing?

Humanistic therapy focuses on helping people reach their full potential and believes that everyone has the power to grow and heal. It emphasizes the importance of personal choice and responsibility.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

The part of the neuron that sends signals to other neurons is called the:

The axon is like a long wire that carries messages from one neuron to another, just like how we send messages to friends on our phones.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

Which neurotransmitter is most involved in mood regulation?

Serotonin is like the happy juice in our brain. When there?s enough of it, we feel calm and happy; when there?s less, we might feel sad or worried.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for processing visual information?

The occipital lobe is like the TV screen of your brain. It takes everything your eyes see and turns it into pictures in your mind.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

What is the primary function of the hippocampus?

The hippocampus is like your brain?s memory card. It helps you remember what happened today, yesterday, and stores new things you learn.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

Which structure of the limbic system is involved in emotional responses, especially fear?

The amygdala is like the brain?s alarm system. When you feel scared or upset, it's because the amygdala is sending signals to react.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

Damage to the Broca?s area of the brain primarily affects:

Broca?s area helps you speak, like the voice inside your head. If it?s hurt, talking can become hard or slow.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

The nervous system is divided into central and peripheral systems. Which of the following belongs to the central nervous system?

The spinal cord is like the superhighway that sends messages from your brain to your body. It?s a part of the central nervous system, along with the brain.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the reward system in the brain?

Dopamine is like a "gold star" for your brain. When something makes you feel good, like eating a treat, dopamine says, ?Yay! Let?s do this again!?
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

What is the primary role of myelin sheaths in the nervous system?

Myelin is like the insulation around an electrical wire. It helps messages in your brain travel super fast from one place to another.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

Which brain region is most associated with decision-making and planning?

The frontal lobe is like the manager of your brain. It helps you decide what to do next, plan your day, and even think about the future.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

In the context of the action potential, which ions move inside the neuron to initiate the depolarization phase?

When a neuron sends a message, sodium ions rush in like a flood of water, making the inside of the neuron excited and ready to pass the message along.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating voluntary movement?

The cerebellum is like the conductor of an orchestra, making sure your movements are smooth, balanced, and perfectly timed.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

Which hormone is released by the adrenal glands in response to stress?

Cortisol is like your body?s stress superhero. When things get tough, cortisol helps you handle it by giving you energy and focus.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

The blood-brain barrier primarily functions to:

The blood-brain barrier is like a superhero shield for your brain, only letting in what it needs and keeping out the bad stuff.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

What is the effect of an agonist on neurotransmitter activity?

An agonist is like a cheerleader for neurotransmitters. It helps them do their job better by boosting their activity.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

Which of the following is a key characteristic of an action potential?

An action potential is like flipping a switch ? it either happens completely or not at all, like turning a light on or off.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for:

The parasympathetic nervous system is like the cool-down phase after running. It helps your body relax, slows your heart, and makes you feel calm again.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

Which area of the brain is considered essential for speech comprehension?

Wernicke?s Area is like the translator in your brain. It helps you understand what people are saying to you. Without it, words can sound jumbled.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

What role does GABA play in the brain?

GABA is like a stop sign in your brain. It tells neurons to slow down or stop, helping you stay calm and focused.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Biological Psychology

Damage to the cerebellum would most likely result in:

The cerebellum helps you move smoothly. If it?s damaged, you might feel clumsy, like trying to walk on a tightrope without balancing.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

What type of memory is used for temporarily holding information, such as a phone number you just looked up?

Working memory is like the sticky note in your brain. You use it to hold information for a short time, like remembering a phone number for a few seconds.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

Which cognitive process involves focusing on specific stimuli while ignoring others?

Attention is like a flashlight. It helps you focus on one thing at a time while ignoring everything else in the dark.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

The tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is called:

The serial position effect is like a sandwich. You remember the top (first items) and the bottom (last items) better than the stuff in the middle.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information is known as:

Perception is like putting together a puzzle. Your brain takes pieces of information from your senses and creates a full picture of the world around you.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

In cognitive psychology, what is "schema"?

A schema is like a file folder in your brain. It helps you organize everything you know about a topic so that you can find information quickly.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

The "Stroop effect" demonstrates difficulty in:

The Stroop effect is like when your brain gets confused. If you see the word ?Red? written in blue, it?s hard to say the color because your brain wants to read the word instead!
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

The "cocktail party effect" refers to the ability to:

The cocktail party effect is like having superhero hearing. You can listen to your friend talk, even when a lot of noise is happening around you.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

Which type of problem-solving strategy involves trying multiple solutions until one works?

Trial and error is like trying keys to open a lock. You keep testing each one until you find the one that works.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

What type of memory involves conscious recollection of previous experiences or information?

Declarative memory is like the "memory book" of your brain. You can open it up to think about facts or events from the past.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

In decision-making, the availability heuristic refers to:

The availability heuristic is like picking the first thing that pops into your head because it?s the easiest to remember. It may not always be the best choice!
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

Which of the following is an example of procedural memory?

Procedural memory is like muscle memory. You don?t need to think about it, you just know how to do things like riding a bike or tying your shoes.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

The concept of "functional fixedness" refers to the difficulty in:

Functional fixedness is like only using a pencil for writing, even though you could use it to poke a hole or stir something. It?s hard to think of new uses for familiar objects.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

What is the role of the hippocampus in cognition?

The hippocampus is like your brain?s memory keeper. It helps you save new memories, like storing new photos in an album.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

The "primacy effect" in memory refers to:

The primacy effect is like remembering the first bite of a delicious meal. You tend to recall the first things you experience more clearly.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

Which cognitive bias involves overestimating how much you knew after learning the outcome of an event?

Hindsight bias is like saying ?I knew it all along!? after something happens, even if you didn?t really know. It?s how your brain tricks you into thinking you expected it.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

The mental shortcut that helps people make decisions and judgments quickly and efficiently, but sometimes inaccurately, is called:

A heuristic is like a quick guess or shortcut your brain takes. It helps you make decisions fast, but sometimes it leads to mistakes.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

In cognitive development, Piaget?s concept of "conservation" refers to a child?s understanding that:

Conservation is like knowing that if you squish a ball of clay, it?s still the same amount of clay even though it looks different.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

Which process involves storing, retaining, and recalling information when needed?

Memory is like your brain?s filing cabinet. It keeps information safe until you need to pull it out later to use.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Cognitive Psychology

The phenomenon where old information interferes with learning new information is called:

Proactive interference is like when you keep writing the old year (2023) even though it?s already the new year (2024). Your brain gets stuck on the old information.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

Which theory explains that people attribute their own and others' behavior to either internal dispositions or external situations?

Attribution theory is like playing detective. We try to figure out why someone did something?was it their personality (internal) or the situation they were in (external)?
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

The "foot-in-the-door" technique involves:

The "foot-in-the-door" technique is like getting someone to say ?yes? to a little thing first, and then asking for a bigger favor once they?ve already agreed.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

In group decision-making, which phenomenon involves a group making a more extreme decision than its members would individually?

Group polarization is like being at a party where everyone starts talking, and the more they agree, the stronger and more extreme their opinions become.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

When individuals in a group lose self-awareness and become less likely to follow normal behavior, it is called:

Deindividuation is like wearing a mask at a costume party. You might feel like you can act differently or even misbehave because no one knows who you are.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

Which of the following is an example of normative social influence?

Normative social influence is like going along with what your friends do, even if you don?t agree, just because you want them to like you.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

The tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group compared to when working alone is called:

Social loafing is like when you?re on a group project and some people don?t try as hard because they know others will pick up the slack.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

What is the "bystander effect"?

The bystander effect is like when someone falls, and no one helps because everyone thinks someone else will do it. The more people around, the less likely anyone helps.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

Which of the following describes the concept of "cognitive dissonance"?

Cognitive dissonance is like when you believe lying is wrong, but then you lie anyway, and it makes you feel uneasy because your actions don?t match your beliefs.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

The "self-serving bias" refers to:

Self-serving bias is like giving yourself a pat on the back when things go well, but blaming the weather or bad luck when things go wrong.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

In Milgram's famous obedience experiment, participants were willing to administer shocks because of:

The obedience in Milgram's experiment is like listening to a teacher even when you know what they?re asking is wrong, because the person in charge says to do it.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

The "fundamental attribution error" refers to the tendency to:

Fundamental attribution error is like thinking someone is rude because they cut in line, when really, they might just be in a hurry due to an emergency.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

Which theory suggests that prejudice can arise when groups compete for limited resources?

Realistic conflict theory is like when two groups both want the same prize, and they start to dislike each other because they see each other as competitors.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

Social facilitation occurs when:

Social facilitation is like doing better at a sport when people are watching because their presence gives you extra energy or motivation.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

The phenomenon where people tend to blame victims for their misfortune, believing the world is fair, is called:

The just-world hypothesis is like thinking that bad things only happen to people who deserve them, so we feel safer believing that the world is fair and predictable.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

Which term describes adjusting one?s behavior or thinking to match a group standard?

Conformity is like when you wear the same clothes as your friends so you can fit in, even if you don?t really like them.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

What is "ingroup bias"?

Ingroup bias is like cheering for your favorite sports team and thinking they?re the best, even if they?re not always winning. You favor your own group.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

The "halo effect" occurs when:

The halo effect is like thinking someone is smart because they?re good-looking, letting one good quality color your entire view of the person.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

Which concept explains why people may fail to take action in emergencies because others are present?

Diffusion of responsibility is like thinking, "Someone else will help," when you see an accident, so you don?t step in, expecting others to take care of it.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

Social identity theory suggests that:

Social identity theory is like feeling proud to be part of your school?s team or a club. Your group identity becomes part of who you are.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Social Psychology

Which phenomenon explains why people perform worse on complex tasks in the presence of others?

Social inhibition is like freezing up during a test when everyone is watching, even though you knew the answers when you were alone. You feel nervous and perform worse.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

According to Piaget, during which stage do children begin to understand conservation, the idea that quantity remains the same even when the shape changes?

Conservation is like knowing that if you flatten a ball of clay, it's still the same amount of clay, even though it looks different. This understanding develops during the concrete operational stage.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

In Erikson?s psychosocial stages, what is the primary conflict during adolescence?

Identity vs. Role Confusion is like trying to figure out who you are. Adolescents start asking big questions like "Who am I?" and "What do I want to be?"
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

What is the term for the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen?

Object permanence is like knowing your toy is still under the blanket even though you can't see it. Babies develop this understanding during the sensorimotor stage.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

According to Vygotsky, what is the term for the gap between what a child can do alone and what they can do with help?

The Zone of Proximal Development is like when you need just a little help from a grown-up to do something you almost know how to do by yourself.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

Which type of attachment is characterized by children who are upset when their caregiver leaves but are easily comforted when they return?

Secure attachment is like feeling safe with your parent. You?re sad when they leave, but you calm down because you know they will come back.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

Which of the following is an example of a teratogen?

A teratogen is like something bad for the baby while it?s growing inside the mommy, like alcohol or certain drugs. It can harm the baby?s development.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

In terms of language development, what does "overextension" mean?

Overextension is like calling every animal with four legs a "dog" because the child learned the word "dog" and applies it to everything similar.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

According to Piaget, what is the ability to think logically about hypothetical situations and use abstract reasoning?

Formal operations are like being able to solve puzzles in your head without needing to actually touch the pieces. You can think about possibilities that aren?t real.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

What is the primary characteristic of the preoperational stage of cognitive development?

Egocentrism is like when a child thinks that everyone sees the world the same way they do. If they like a toy, they assume everyone else does too.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, at which stage do individuals begin to value laws and rules for maintaining social order?

In the conventional stage, people start thinking, "If everyone breaks the rules, things will be chaotic!" They follow rules because it keeps society running smoothly.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

The process by which new experiences are interpreted within the context of existing schemas is called:

Assimilation is like trying to fit a new puzzle piece into a spot where it almost fits. You use what you already know to understand something new.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

In which stage of prenatal development does the heart begin to beat?

The embryonic stage is when all the important organs start forming, including the heart. It?s like the foundation being laid for a building.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

In Baumrind?s model of parenting styles, which style is associated with high responsiveness but low demands?

Permissive parenting is like when parents are very loving and caring but don?t set many rules or expectations. The child has a lot of freedom but little structure.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

What is the term for the pattern of emotional and social development that occurs throughout a person's life?

Psychosocial development is like growing up and figuring out how to feel about yourself and interact with others, from childhood to adulthood.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

Which psychologist is known for their theory of multiple intelligences, which includes abilities like musical, spatial, and interpersonal intelligence?

Howard Gardner?s theory is like thinking of your brain as having different parts for different talents?some people are better at music, others at math, and so on.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

According to the theory of mind, at what age do children typically begin to understand that other people can have different beliefs and knowledge than they do?

Theory of mind is like realizing that your friend can think something different from you. Around 4 years old, kids start to understand that others don?t always know what they know.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

Which of the following is NOT a stage in Freud?s theory of psychosexual development?

The concrete stage belongs to Piaget?s theory of cognitive development, not Freud?s psychosexual stages. Freud?s stages are focused on how early experiences shape personality.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

During which of Piaget?s stages does a child first develop the ability to engage in symbolic play and use language to represent objects?

Symbolic play is like when a child pretends a block is a car. This imaginative thinking happens in the preoperational stage, where they learn to use symbols like words or drawings.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

Which theory suggests that children learn gender roles by observing and imitating others, as well as through rewards and punishments?

Social learning theory is like watching how others behave. If a boy sees men working on cars and gets praised for doing the same, he learns that?s part of his role.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Developmental Psychology

According to Ainsworth, a child who shows anxiety when the caregiver leaves but does not seem comforted by their return is exhibiting:

Insecure-resistant attachment is like when a child feels confused?they want comfort but also seem unsure if they?ll get it, so they stay upset even when their caregiver returns.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

Which of the following is the most appropriate definition of reliability in psychological measurement?

Reliability is like using a ruler to measure the same thing multiple times. If you get the same result each time, the ruler is reliable because it gives consistent results.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

What is the key difference between content validity and construct validity?

Content validity is like checking if you asked enough questions about all parts of a topic. Construct validity checks if you?re really measuring what you say you are.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

Which of the following is an example of a nominal scale of measurement?

A nominal scale is like putting things into categories. For example, people can be sorted by gender, but there?s no ranking or order to it.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

Which statistical test is most appropriate for analyzing the difference between the means of two independent groups?

A t-test is like comparing two different flavors of ice cream to see if one is really more popular than the other. You?re comparing two independent groups to find out if they are different.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

What is the purpose of random assignment in experimental research?

Random assignment is like flipping a coin to decide who gets which treatment in an experiment. It helps make sure other factors don?t mess up the results.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

In psychological research, what does "external validity" refer to?

External validity is like seeing if the results from one group of people can be applied to other groups, like using results from one school to predict what will happen in other schools.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

What does the term "operational definition" mean in the context of psychological research?

An operational definition is like giving clear instructions on how to measure something. If you're studying happiness, you might define it by how many times someone smiles in a day.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

A Type I error occurs when:

A Type I error is like thinking you heard a knock on the door when nobody is actually there. You think something happened when it didn?t.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

Which measure of central tendency is most affected by extreme scores?

The mean is like finding the average height in a room. If one person is extremely tall, it pulls the average up. That?s why the mean can be influenced by extreme values.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

Which of the following is an advantage of using a within-subjects design in experiments?

A within-subjects design is like testing the same person under different conditions. Since you?re using the same people for all parts of the experiment, you don?t need as many participants.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

In a normal distribution, what percentage of data falls within one standard deviation of the mean?

A normal distribution is like the classic bell curve. Most data points are close to the middle, and about 68% fall within one standard deviation of the average.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

Which type of validity refers to the degree to which a test predicts future performance?

Predictive validity is like using a test to see how well someone will do in the future, like a college entrance exam that predicts how well you?ll do in school.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

In research methodology, what does the term "double-blind procedure" mean?

A double-blind procedure is like playing a guessing game where neither the players nor the referee know who has the winning card. This helps keep things fair and unbiased.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

In a factor analysis, what is the purpose of "factor rotation"?

Factor rotation is like turning a puzzle piece until it fits perfectly. It helps make complex data easier to understand by organizing it better.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

What does a p-value in hypothesis testing represent?

A p-value is like flipping a coin and asking, ?Was that result just random?? It tells you if the results of your study are likely due to chance or if they are meaningful.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good psychological test?

A good psychological test should be fair and objective, like a math test with clear answers. Subjectivity means being influenced by personal feelings, which is not ideal for a scientific test.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

What is the difference between correlation and causation?

Correlation is like noticing that when it rains, more people carry umbrellas. But just because it rains doesn?t mean umbrellas cause the rain! Causation means one thing directly leads to another.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

Which of the following techniques is used to control for order effects in a within-subjects design?

Counterbalancing is like letting two kids take turns choosing games. By switching the order, you make sure one choice doesn?t unfairly affect the outcome.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

The concept of face validity refers to:

Face validity is like a test that looks like it?s measuring what it says it is, even if it?s not necessarily doing so. It?s about appearances rather than deeper accuracy.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychology Measurement & Methodology

Which method is used to estimate the consistency of a psychological test across different occasions?

Test-retest reliability is like taking the same test twice over a few days. If you get similar scores, it shows the test is reliable across time.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

Which theory of emotion suggests that we experience emotions after interpreting physiological arousal in the context of our environment?

The Schachter-Singer Theory says that when something happens, your body reacts first (like your heart racing), and then your brain figures out why it?s happening, and that?s what creates the emotion.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, the bell represents which component of the conditioning process?

The bell is the conditioned stimulus because the dog learns to associate the sound of the bell with food, and it starts drooling even if no food is present. It wasn?t like this at the start; the bell had to be "learned."
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

What part of the brain is primarily responsible for the regulation of hunger and thirst?

The hypothalamus is like your brain?s control center for hunger and thirst. It tells your body when you need food and water, just like an alarm clock reminding you to eat.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

Which of the following neurotransmitters is most closely associated with mood regulation and is often targeted in the treatment of depression?

Serotonin is like the ?feel-good? chemical in your brain. If you don?t have enough of it, you can feel sad or depressed, which is why antidepressants help boost it.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

In social psychology, what is the phenomenon called when people are less likely to help someone in need when others are present?

The bystander effect is like when you see someone needing help but think, ?Someone else will do it,? so you don?t step in. The more people there are, the less likely anyone will help.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

According to Freud, which part of the personality operates on the "pleasure principle"?

The id is like the little voice inside your head that always wants what it wants right now, no matter the consequences. It?s like a little child who doesn?t think about rules.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

What term describes the process by which a behavior that is followed by a satisfying outcome is more likely to occur again?

Operant conditioning is like when you do something and get a reward for it, so you?re more likely to do it again. It?s learning through consequences.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

Which theory suggests that our social behavior is an exchange process, where the aim is to maximize benefits and minimize costs?

Social exchange theory is like making decisions in friendships and relationships based on what you?ll get out of it. It?s like doing something nice for someone because you expect something nice in return.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

What is the primary difference between a longitudinal study and a cross-sectional study?

A longitudinal study is like checking in on the same people every few years, while a cross-sectional study is like taking a snapshot of different people at one point in time.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

What term describes the mental shortcut we use when making quick judgments based on how easily examples come to mind?

The availability heuristic is like thinking shark attacks are common because you saw one on TV, even though they are actually rare. You make a quick judgment based on what comes to mind easily.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

In which stage of Piaget?s cognitive development do children begin to think logically about concrete events, but struggle with abstract concepts?

The concrete operational stage is like when kids are able to solve simple math problems but might not yet understand bigger ideas like freedom or justice. They can think logically, but only about real things they can see.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

According to Erikson, what is the primary psychosocial conflict faced during young adulthood?

In young adulthood, Erikson says people are figuring out whether they want close relationships or whether they?ll end up feeling alone. It?s like deciding if you want to build friendships or stay isolated.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

Which hormone is responsible for the fight-or-flight response during stress?

Cortisol is like your body?s ?alarm system? during stress. When something stressful happens, your body releases cortisol to help you deal with the situation quickly.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

In attribution theory, what is the tendency to underestimate situational factors and overestimate personal traits when explaining others' behavior?

The fundamental attribution error is like thinking that someone is rude because of their personality, not because they?re having a bad day. We tend to blame their character, not the situation.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

In Maslow?s hierarchy of needs, which type of need must be fulfilled before an individual can focus on self-actualization?

Physiological needs are like the basic things you need to survive?food, water, shelter. You can?t focus on becoming the best version of yourself if you?re hungry or thirsty.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

What type of reinforcement schedule provides reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses?

A variable-ratio schedule is like playing a slot machine. You never know when you?re going to win, but the unpredictability makes you keep playing. It?s a powerful way to reinforce behavior.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

Which of the following is NOT part of the limbic system?

The medulla oblongata is not part of the limbic system; it controls basic functions like breathing and heart rate. The limbic system, on the other hand, is like the brain?s emotion center.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

Which term refers to the belief that one?s culture is superior to others?

Ethnocentrism is like when someone believes that the way their family or country does things is the ?right? way, and everyone else?s way is wrong or inferior.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

In the context of learning, what is "shaping"?

Shaping is like teaching a dog to roll over. You reward the dog for small steps toward the final trick, like lying down, and then for turning partway, until the full roll-over is achieved.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Experimental Psychology

In an experiment, the variable that is manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect is called what?

The independent variable is like the "ingredient" the researcher changes to see what happens. It?s the thing that is deliberately changed to see how it affects something else.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Experimental Psychology

What term describes the tendency for participants to behave differently when they know they are being observed?

The Hawthorne effect is like when people try extra hard because they know someone?s watching them, just like how kids might clean their room faster when their parents are looking.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Experimental Psychology

In a double-blind experiment, who is unaware of which participants belong to the control group and which belong to the experimental group?

A double-blind experiment is like a secret game where neither the people participating nor the ones running the experiment know who gets the real treatment. This helps avoid bias.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Experimental Psychology

Which type of experimental design involves using the same participants in all conditions of the experiment?

In a repeated measures design, it's like letting each person try out all the different parts of the experiment so you can compare how they do under each condition. This way, every participant is their own comparison.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Experimental Psychology

What is the main disadvantage of a within-subjects design compared to a between-subjects design?

In a within-subjects design, the same people do multiple tasks, which can tire them out, just like how running too many laps makes you slower as you go. The more they do, the more tired they get, which could affect the results.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Experimental Psychology

What is the main purpose of random assignment in experimental research?

Random assignment is like shuffling cards to make sure no one knows who will be in which group. It ensures that any differences in results are due to the experiment and not to the participants? personal traits.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Experimental Psychology

A researcher measures both heart rate and reaction time to study the effects of stress. Heart rate and reaction time are examples of what?

The dependent variables are what the researcher measures to see the effects of stress, like watching how a plant grows when you change the water amount. They show the outcome of the experiment.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Experimental Psychology

What type of validity is concerned with whether an experiment truly measures what it claims to measure?

Construct validity is like checking whether a thermometer really measures temperature, not something else. It asks if the tool or experiment is really measuring the concept it's supposed to.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Experimental Psychology

Which of the following is a potential problem with using a convenience sample in experimental research?

A convenience sample is like asking only your friends to take a survey about what people like to eat. It might not represent the whole population, so the results could be biased.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Experimental Psychology

What is the primary advantage of using a laboratory experiment in psychology?

A lab experiment is like cooking in your own kitchen?you can control the ingredients and the tools. The researcher can control everything, so they know what caused the outcome.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Experimental Psychology

What is meant by "demand characteristics" in an experiment?

Demand characteristics are like when someone tries to cheat on a test because they?ve figured out the answers. In experiments, participants might behave differently if they think they know what the researcher is looking for.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Experimental Psychology

Which statistical method is most appropriate to analyze the relationship between two continuous variables?

A Pearson correlation is like checking whether taller people also tend to weigh more. It tells you if two things (like height and weight) go up or down together in a straight-line pattern.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Experimental Psychology

What is the purpose of using a control group in an experiment?

The control group is like a "no-treatment" group that shows what happens when you don?t change anything. It lets researchers compare results to see if the treatment really had an effect.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Experimental Psychology

Which type of research design involves observing subjects in their natural environment without intervention?

Naturalistic observation is like watching animals in the wild without bothering them. You just observe what they naturally do without trying to change anything.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Experimental Psychology

What does "statistical significance" in experimental research mean?

Statistical significance means that the results of the experiment probably didn?t happen by accident. It?s like winning a game several times in a row?it?s probably not just luck.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Experimental Psychology

In a factorial design, what is being tested?

A factorial design is like testing how two ingredients in a recipe (like sugar and flour) affect the taste of a cake, both individually and together. Researchers look at both the main effects and interactions.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Experimental Psychology

Which term refers to the extent to which research findings can be generalized to real-world settings?

External validity is like testing a toy in the store and then using it at home. It asks whether the results of an experiment apply to real life, not just the controlled environment.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Experimental Psychology

What is a placebo used for in an experimental study?

A placebo is like giving someone a sugar pill and telling them it?s medicine. If they feel better, it shows that their belief in the treatment, not the treatment itself, made a difference.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Experimental Psychology

What does a p-value tell researchers in hypothesis testing?

A p-value is like the odds of flipping a coin and getting heads 10 times in a row. If the p-value is low, it means the experiment?s results are probably not just luck.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Experimental Psychology

Which type of bias occurs when the researcher?s expectations influence the outcome of the study?

Experimenter bias is like a teacher giving higher grades to students they expect to do well, even if they didn?t perform the best. The researcher?s expectations can subtly affect how the results turn out.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Industrial and Organizational Psychology

What is the primary focus of Industrial and Organizational (I/O) Psychology?

I/O Psychology looks at how people behave in workplaces, just like how a coach watches how players perform in a game to improve teamwork and performance.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Industrial and Organizational Psychology

In the context of employee selection, what does a "structured interview" involve?

A structured interview is like following a recipe?you ask everyone the same questions in the same order to make sure it?s fair and you can compare answers easily.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Industrial and Organizational Psychology

Which theory is used to explain job satisfaction as a result of the alignment between a person?s personality and the characteristics of the job?

The person-organization fit theory is like finding the right puzzle piece that fits perfectly into the bigger picture. When the job matches the person's traits, they?re likely to be more satisfied.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Industrial and Organizational Psychology

Which performance appraisal method involves an employee being evaluated by supervisors, peers, subordinates, and sometimes clients?

360-degree feedback is like getting advice from all angles, like from teachers, classmates, and coaches, to know how well you?re doing in different areas of your life. It provides a complete view.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Industrial and Organizational Psychology

What is the primary goal of job analysis in I/O psychology?

Job analysis is like writing down the rules for a game?you need to know exactly what tasks and skills are required to perform the job well, just like understanding the rules before playing.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Industrial and Organizational Psychology

According to Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, which of the following is considered a hygiene factor?

A hygiene factor is like having a clean house?it doesn?t make you super happy, but if it?s missing (like if the house is dirty), it can make you unhappy. Salary doesn?t make you love your job, but bad pay can make you hate it.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Industrial and Organizational Psychology

Which theory of motivation suggests that individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with others to assess fairness?

Equity theory is like sharing a pizza with friends. You check to see if everyone got a fair share. If someone got more, you might feel upset or think it?s unfair. It?s all about fairness.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Industrial and Organizational Psychology

What does "job enrichment" refer to in an organizational context?

Job enrichment is like leveling up in a video game?it makes the job more interesting and rewarding by adding new challenges or responsibilities that make people feel more fulfilled.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Industrial and Organizational Psychology

In organizational change, which step is NOT a part of Lewin?s three-stage model?

Lewin?s model is like melting and reshaping ice: first, you unfreeze (prepare for change), then you change (reshape it), and then you refreeze (solidify the change). Maintaining is not part of the model.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Industrial and Organizational Psychology

Which type of leadership involves a focus on the transaction or exchange between leader and followers, such as rewards for performance?

Transactional leadership is like a trade?you do your chores, and you get a reward. The leader offers something in return for good work, like money or praise. It?s a direct exchange.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Industrial and Organizational Psychology

According to expectancy theory, which factor does NOT influence an employee?s motivation?

Expectancy theory is like solving a puzzle where you ask yourself: "Can I do it?" (expectancy), "What?s in it for me?" (instrumentality), and "How much do I want it?" (valence). Autonomy, or working independently, isn't part of this theory.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Industrial and Organizational Psychology

What is the primary purpose of using work simulations during employee selection?

Work simulations are like practice rounds before a real game. They let employers see how well candidates can handle tasks they?ll face on the job, just like a test run to see their skills.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Industrial and Organizational Psychology

Which term refers to the mental and physical exhaustion that results from prolonged stress at work?

Burnout is like when your phone battery runs out because you?ve been using it too much without charging it. People feel drained and exhausted when they?ve been stressed at work for too long without a break.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Industrial and Organizational Psychology

Which of the following is a benefit of diversity in the workplace?

Diversity is like having a team with different types of players in a game. When people bring different ideas and perspectives, the team can come up with better strategies and make better decisions together.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Industrial and Organizational Psychology

What is the main purpose of "organizational development" in an organization?

Organizational development is like gardening?you want the organization to grow strong and healthy by making changes that help both the organization and the employees thrive.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Industrial and Organizational Psychology

In a group setting, what does "social loafing" refer to?

Social loafing is like playing on a soccer team but not running as hard because you think the others will do the work. When people are in a group, they sometimes put in less effort because they think others will pick up the slack.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Industrial and Organizational Psychology

Which theory suggests that leaders can adapt their style based on the maturity or competence of their followers?

Situational leadership is like being a coach who gives more guidance to beginners but lets experienced players make decisions on their own. The leader adapts based on how much help the followers need.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Industrial and Organizational Psychology

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic reward in the workplace?

An intrinsic reward is like the feeling you get when you solve a puzzle by yourself. It?s not about money or prizes?it?s the inner happiness or pride you feel from doing something well.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Industrial and Organizational Psychology

What does the "glass ceiling" refer to in organizational psychology?

The glass ceiling is like a clear, invisible roof that stops some people (especially women and minorities) from reaching the highest positions, even though they can see them. It?s an unseen barrier to advancement.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Industrial and Organizational Psychology

What does the term "organizational culture" describe?

Organizational culture is like the personality of a company. It?s the way people in the organization think, act, and feel, just like how a family has certain traditions and ways of doing things.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Educational Psychology

Which theory explains that learning occurs through observation, imitation, and modeling of others' behavior?

Bandura?s theory is like when you learn how to ride a bike by watching your friend do it. You observe, then try it yourself by imitating what you saw.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Educational Psychology

According to Piaget, which stage of cognitive development is characterized by children developing the ability to think logically about concrete events?

In the concrete operational stage, it's like when you start being able to do simple math in your head, like understanding that 3 apples and 4 apples make 7 apples. Your thinking becomes more logical.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Educational Psychology

What is "scaffolding" in the context of Vygotsky?s theory of learning?

Scaffolding is like when a parent helps you tie your shoes at first but slowly lets you try more by yourself as you get better. The support is there until you don?t need it anymore.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Educational Psychology

What is intrinsic motivation?

Intrinsic motivation is like playing a game just because you love it, not because someone will give you a prize for winning. You do it because it makes you happy.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Educational Psychology

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

Positive reinforcement is like getting a gold star for doing something right. When you?re rewarded for good behavior, it makes you want to do it again.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Educational Psychology

According to Erikson's psychosocial development theory, what is the primary conflict in the "Industry vs. Inferiority" stage?

In this stage, kids feel proud of learning new skills (competence) or feel bad if they can?t keep up (inferiority). It?s like feeling proud when you finish a school project or embarrassed when you can?t solve a puzzle.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Educational Psychology

What is metacognition in learning?

Metacognition is like asking yourself, ?How do I solve problems best?? or ?What strategy works for me?? It?s thinking about the way your brain works, just like planning your moves in a game.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Educational Psychology

Which of the following is the best example of the "zone of proximal development" (ZPD) in Vygotsky's theory?

ZPD is like learning to swim with floaties. You can?t do it alone, but with a bit of help, you can learn new skills that are just outside your reach.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Educational Psychology

What is a key component of constructivist learning theory?

Constructivist learning is like building with blocks. You stack up your own knowledge by figuring things out yourself and learning through experience, not just listening to someone else.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Educational Psychology

Which teaching strategy is based on the idea that students learn best when their previous knowledge is activated and linked to new content?

Schema theory is like a library in your brain. When you learn new things, you put them in the right book category, and the more connections you make, the better you remember and understand.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Educational Psychology

What is the main goal of formative assessment in education?

Formative assessment is like checking your work while drawing. If you see a mistake early, you can fix it before it gets too big. It helps you improve step by step.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Educational Psychology

In the context of learning styles, what does "kinesthetic learning" refer to?

Kinesthetic learning is like learning to ride a bike. You have to physically practice and move to understand how it works, not just read or listen to instructions.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Educational Psychology

Which of the following describes "operant conditioning" as applied to classroom behavior?

Operant conditioning is like giving a cookie when someone follows the rules or taking away TV time when they don?t. It teaches you what?s good and bad behavior by using rewards and consequences.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Educational Psychology

What does Gardner?s theory of multiple intelligences propose?

Gardner?s theory is like saying you can be smart in lots of different ways: you could be great at music, sports, or even understanding other people?s feelings?not just good at math or reading.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Educational Psychology

What is the primary difference between "extrinsic" and "intrinsic" motivation?

Extrinsic motivation is like doing chores to get allowance money, while intrinsic motivation is like doing chores because you enjoy having a clean room. One is about external rewards, the other is about personal satisfaction.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Educational Psychology

In Bloom's Taxonomy, what is the highest level of learning?

Creating is like making a new recipe from scratch after you?ve learned all about different ingredients and cooking techniques. It?s when you take all your knowledge and use it to invent something new.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Educational Psychology

Which of the following is an example of "negative reinforcement"?

Negative reinforcement is like turning off a loud noise after you follow the rules. It doesn?t mean something bad happens; it means you take away something unpleasant to encourage good behavior.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Educational Psychology

According to Maslow?s hierarchy of needs, which type of need must be met before a student can focus on self-actualization (reaching their full potential)?

Physiological needs are like eating breakfast before school. If you?re hungry or tired, you won?t be able to focus on learning. You have to meet your basic needs first, like food and sleep.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Educational Psychology

What is the purpose of differentiated instruction in the classroom?

Differentiated instruction is like cooking different meals for people who like different foods. Some students learn better with pictures, others with words, and some by doing hands-on activities. The teacher uses what works best for each one.
shahzaib hassan PSYCHOLOGY   -   Educational Psychology

What is the focus of "constructivist" teaching methods?

Constructivist teaching is like letting kids build their own towers out of blocks. Instead of just telling them how, the teacher lets them figure things out, helping only when needed, so they learn by doing.

Contributor(6)

Fani Warraich
shahzaib hassan
Anna
Bashir Farooqi
Muhammad Tayyab Ikhlas
Sidis