MDCAT (Medical & Dental College Admission Test)

Pakistan Medical & Dental Council

MDCAT conducted by PMDC consist of 4 subjects Biology, Physics, Chemistry & English Time allowed 200 Minutes Total marks 200

5 contributor - 3 Folowers

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What is the detailed eligibility criteria for applying to the MDCAT in Pakistan, including age limits and required documents?

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How can I calculate my aggregate score for the MDCAT 2023 using the official formula and calculator tools?

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Which are the best academies for MDCAT preparation in Lahore, Multan, and Peshawar, and what makes them stand out?

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What are the top recommended books and online resources for effective MDCAT preparation in Pakistan?

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How does the syllabus for MDCAT 2024 differ from the previous year's syllabus, and what are the key changes?

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What is the process for registering for the MDCAT, including online application steps and important deadlines?

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What are the common challenges a students face while preparing for the MDCAT, and how can we overcome these obstacles?

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Is MDCAT required for all medical fields in Pakistan, including MBBS, BDS, and DPT, and are there any exceptions?

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How can I effectively prepare for the MDCAT in a short time frame, such as one or two months, and still achieve a high score?

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What is the significance of FSC and matriculation marks in the MDCAT aggregate calculation, and how much do they contribute?

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What are the best online platforms and websites for practicing MDCAT MCQs, including biology, chemistry, and physics?

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What are the key differences between the MDCAT and NUMS entry tests?

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How can students check their MDCAT result by name and roll number, and what are the subsequent steps after the result is announced?

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What are the best strategies for managing time and stress during the MDCAT exam, especially for first-time test-takers?

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How has the merit list for MDCAT changed over the years, and what are the expected trends for the 2024 admission cycle?

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Mushkovic PHYSICS - Physics

When a helium atom loses an electron, it becomes:

A. An alpha particle.. B. Proton. C. A positive helium ion.. D. A negative helium ion..

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Explanation

When a helium atom loses an electron, it becomes a positively charged ion (He⁺), also known as a positive helium ion. It is not an alpha particle (which consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons), nor a proton (which is a hydrogen nucleus), nor a negative ion (which would require gaining an electron).

Mushkovic PHYSICS - Physics

Beta ray emitted by a radioactive substance is:

A. An electron which was existing outside the nucleus.. B. An electron which was existing inside the nucleus.. C. An electron emitted by the nucleus as a result of the decay of a neutron inside the nucleus.. D. A pulse of electromagnetic wave..

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Explanation

Beta particles (β-) are high-energy, high-speed electrons emitted by the nucleus during radioactive decay, specifically from the transformation of a neutron into a proton within the nucleus, releasing an electron (beta particle) and an antineutrino.

Mushkovic PHYSICS - Physics

An electric charge in uniform motion produces:

A. An electric field.. B. A magnetic field.. C. Both magnetic and electric fields.. D. Neither magnetic nor electric fields..

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Explanation

An electric charge in uniform motion produces both electric and magnetic fields. The moving charge creates an electric field due to its charge and a magnetic field due to its motion.

Mushkovic PHYSICS - Physics

What is emitted by a hot metal filament in a cathode ray tube?

A. X-ray.. B. Proton.. C. Electron.. D. Photon..

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Explanation

A hot metal filament in a cathode ray tube emits electrons. These emitted electrons form the cathode rays that travel from the cathode to the anode within the tube.

Mushkovic PHYSICS - Physics

If the mass of the bob of a pendulum is doubled its time period is:

A. Halved. B. Doubled. C. Unchanged. D. Increases four times..

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Explanation

The time period of a simple pendulum is given by 𝑇 = 2𝜋 √ 𝐿 / g, where 𝐿 is the length of the pendulum and 𝑔 is the acceleration due to gravity. The mass of the bob does not affect the time period of the pendulum.

Mushkovic PHYSICS - Physics

The center of Newton rings is dark due to

A. Polarization. B. Destructive interference. C. Constructive interference. D. Reflection.

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Explanation

Newton's rings are a pattern of interference fringes. The center of Newton's rings appears dark because of destructive interference between the light waves reflected from the top and bottom surfaces of the thin air film between the lens and the glass plate.

Mushkovic PHYSICS - Physics

Which one is the most stable element on the basis of binding energy?

A. Sn.. B. Fe.. C. Ba.. D. Kr..

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Explanation

The most stable element on the basis of binding energy per nucleon is iron (Fe). The binding energy per nucleon reaches a maximum for iron-56, which means it is the most stable nucleus. This concept is crucial in nuclear physics, as it explains why nuclear fusion occurs in stars up to iron and why heavier elements are formed by supernovae explosions.

Mushkovic PHYSICS - Physics

Resistance in RC circuit of time constant 2 seconds is 1000 Ohms. What is the value of C in the circuit?

A. 20 μ farad.. B. 200 μ farad.. C. 2000 μ farad.. D. 2 μ farad..

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Explanation

The time constant (𝜏) for an RC circuit is given by the product of resistance (R) and capacitance (C): 𝜏 = R⋅C. given 𝜏 = 2 seconds and R = 1000 ohms: C = 𝜏 / R = 2s / 1000 ohms = 0.002 farads = 2000 μfarads however, as 2 μF aligns closely with the other options, we'll check: C = 2s / 1000 ohms = 2 x 10−3 F = 2000 μF

Mushkovic PHYSICS - Physics

The Lenz’s law refers to induced __________

A. emf.. B. Resistance.. C. Shear.. D. Currents..

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Explanation

Lenz's Law states that the direction of the induced electromotive force (emf) will always be such that it opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it. This is a fundamental principle in electromagnetism and is key to understanding how induction works.

Mushkovic PHYSICS - Physics

In which of the following, output is similar to NAND gate if input A=0 and input B=1.

A. Both B and C.. B. XOR.. C. XNOR.. D. NOR..

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Explanation

For inputs A=0 and B=1: NAND gate outputs 1 (since 0 AND 1 is 0, and NOT 0 is 1). XOR gate outputs 1 (since XOR is true when inputs differ) Hence, the correct option is C) XOR.

Mushkovic PHYSICS - Physics

For atomic hydrogen spectrum, which of the following series lies in visible region of electromagnetic spectrum?

A. Lyman series.. B. Paschen series.. C. Balmer series.. D. Bohr series..

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Explanation

The Balmer series of the hydrogen spectrum lies in the visible region. It involves transitions where the final energy level is n=2, and the initial levels are n>2.

Mushkovic PHYSICS - Physics

__________ are the particles that experience strong nuclear force.

A. Neutrons.. B. Neutrinos.. C. Muons.. D. Electrons..

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Explanation

Particles that experience the strong nuclear force are nucleons, i.e., protons and neutrons. This force binds the nucleus together.

Mushkovic PHYSICS - Physics

The vertical velocity of ball thrown upward __________ with time.

A. Decreases linearly.. B. Remains constant.. C. Doubles.. D. Decreases parabolically..

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Explanation

When a ball is thrown upward, its vertical velocity decreases linearly with time due to the constant acceleration of gravity acting downward.

Mushkovic PHYSICS - Physics

The force required to bend the normally straight path of a particle into a circular path is called __________ force.

A. Traveling.. B. Bending.. C. Centrifugal.. D. Centripetal..

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Explanation

The force that keeps a particle moving in a circular path and is directed towards the center of the circle is called centripetal force.

Mushkovic PHYSICS - Physics

A disc at rest without slipping, rolls down a hill of height (3 x 9.8) m. What is its speed in m/sec when it reaches at the bottom?

A. 11.4.. B. 19.6.. C. 22.8.. D. 9.8..

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Explanation

x he potential energy at the top converts to kinetic energy at the bottom. Using energy conservation: mgh = 1/2mv2. v = /2gh and h = 3 x 9.8 = 29.4 m and then v = /2 x 9.8 x 29.4 ~~ 11.4 m / s

Mushkovic PHYSICS - Physics

Tuning of the radio is the best example of electrical __________

A. Resonance.. B. Resistance.. C. Current.. D. None of these..

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Explanation

Tuning a radio involves adjusting the frequency of the LC circuit to resonate at the frequency of the desired radio station.

Mushkovic PHYSICS - Physics

A standing wave pattern is formed when the length of string is an integral multiple of __________ wavelength.

A. Triple.. B. Half. C. Full. D. Double.

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Explanation

A standing wave on a string fixed at both ends forms when the length of the string is an integral multiple of half wavelengths.

Mushkovic PHYSICS - Physics

Which of the following lights travels the fastest in optical fibres?

A. Visible light.. B. Invisible infra-red.. C. Ultra-violet.. D. Ordinary light..

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Explanation

Infra-red light travels fastest in optical fibers due to lower attenuation and dispersion compared to visible light.

Mushkovic PHYSICS - Physics

The algebraic sum of potential changes in a closed circuit is zero is Kirchhoff’s __________ rule.

A. Third. B. Second. C. First. D. All of these.

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Explanation

Kirchhoff's second rule, also known as the voltage law (KVL), states that the sum of the electrical potential differences (voltages) around any closed circuit is zero.

Mushkovic PHYSICS - Physics

In LED when an electron combines with a __________ during forward bias conduction, a photon of visible light is emitted.

A. High voltage.. B. Photon.. C. Positron.. D. Hole..

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Explanation

In an LED, when an electron recombines with a hole in the p-n junction, energy is released in the form of a photon, emitting visible light.

Fani Warraich CHEMISTRY - Chemistry

Which type of bonding is present in NH4Cl?

A. Ionic. B. Covalent. C. Coordinate covalent.. D. All of these..

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Explanation

NH4Cl (Ammonium chloride) exhibits multiple types of bonding: Ionic Bonding: Between NH4+ (ammonium ion) and Cl- (chloride ion). Covalent Bonding: Within the NH4+ ion itself, between nitrogen and hydrogen atoms. Coordinate Covalent Bonding: One of the N-H bonds in NH4+ is formed by nitrogen donating a lone pair to a hydrogen ion (H+).

Fani Warraich CHEMISTRY - Chemistry

When CuSO4 is electrolyzed in aqueous solution using copper electrodes, then the substance which deposits at the cathode is:

A. Copper metal.. B. Copper ions.. C. Hydrogen.. D. Oxygen..

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Explanation

During the electrolysis of CuSO4 using copper electrodes: At the cathode (negative electrode), copper ions (Cu2+) from the solution are reduced to copper metal (Cu): Cu 2 + + 2 e − → Cu Cu 2+ +2e − →Cu At the anode (positive electrode), copper metal dissolves into the solution as Cu2+ ions: Cu → Cu 2 + + 2 e − Cu→Cu 2+ +2e − Thus, copper metal deposits on the cathode.

Mushkovic CHEMISTRY - Chemistry

Aldehydes can be synthesized by the oxidation of:

A. Primary alcohols.. B. Secondary alcohols.. C. Organic acids.. D. Inorganic acids..

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Explanation

Aldehydes are synthesized by the oxidation of primary alcohols. The oxidation process involves removing hydrogen atoms from the primary alcohol, forming an aldehyde. For example, the oxidation of ethanol (a primary alcohol) produces acetaldehyde: CH 3 CH 2 OH → CH 3 CHO + H 2 O CH 3 CH 2 OH→CH 3 CHO+H 2 O

Mushkovic CHEMISTRY - Chemistry

The products of the fermentation of a sugar are ethanol and:

A. Oxygen. B. Carbon dioxide. C. Water. D. Sulfur dioxide.

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Explanation

During fermentation, sugars such as glucose are converted by yeast or bacteria into ethanol and carbon dioxide. The general equation for this process is: C 6 H 12 O 6 → 2 C 2 H 5 OH + 2 CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 →2C 2 H 5 OH+2CO 2 Thus, the products of sugar fermentation are ethanol (C2H5OH) and carbon dioxide (CO2).

Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Which of the following sentences is grammatically correct?

A. She don?t like apples.. B. She doesn?t likes apples.. C. She doesn?t like apples.. D. She not like apples..

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Identify the error in the sentence: "Neither the students nor the teacher were present

A. Subject-verb agreement. B. Punctuation. C. Tense. D. Word choice.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

What is the correct form of the verb in the sentence: "If he _____ the meeting, he would have been informed

A. attends. B. attended. C. had attended. D. attend.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Which of the following is an example of a compound-complex sentence?

A. I like coffee, and she likes tea.. B. Although it was raining, we went for a walk.. C. I enjoy reading, but I don?t have time.. D. When he arrived, the party had started..

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Choose the correct sentence:

A. Each of the players have a uniform.. B. Each of the players has a uniform.. C. All of the players have a uniform.. D. Every player have a uniform..

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Identify the type of clause in the sentence: "Although it was late, we decided to continue

A. Independent clause. B. Dependent clause. C. Noun clause. D. Adjective clause.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Which of the following sentences uses the subjunctive mood correctly?

A. If I was rich, I would travel the world.. B. If I were rich, I would travel the world.. C. If I am rich, I would travel the world.. D. If I had been rich, I would travel the world..

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Identify the error in the sentence: "He is one of those people who is always late

A. Subject-verb agreement. B. Pronoun usage. C. Tense. D. Word choice.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

What is the correct form of the verb in the sentence: "She insisted that he _____ the truth

A. tells. B. tell. C. told. D. telling.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Which of the following sentences is an example of passive voice?

A. The chef cooked a delicious meal.. B. The meal was cooked by the chef.. C. The chef is cooking a delicious meal.. D. The chef cooks a delicious meal..

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence: "He is known for his ________ behavior

A. erratic. B. erratically. C. erraticness. D. erraticity.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

What is the function of the word "that" in the sentence: "The book that you lent me was fascinating

A. Adjective. B. Adverb. C. Pronoun. D. Conjunction.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Identify the error in the sentence: "Neither of the answers are correct

A. Subject-verb agreement. B. Punctuation. C. Word choice. D. Tense.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Which of the following sentences is punctuated correctly?

A. I need milk eggs and bread.. B. I need milk, eggs, and bread.. C. I need milk eggs, and bread.. D. I need, milk eggs, and bread..

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

What is the correct form of the verb in the sentence: "She wishes she _____ more time

A. has. B. had. C. were. D. would have.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Identify the type of sentence: "Can you believe it?"

A. Declarative. B. Interrogative. C. Imperative. D. Exclamatory.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

What is the antonym of "verbose"?

A. Concise. B. Wordy. C. Lengthy. D. Detailed.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Choose the correct form of the adjective: "This is the _____ book I have ever read

A. most interesting. B. more interesting. C. interesting. D. interestinger.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Which of the following is an example of an adverbial clause?

A. Because it was raining. B. The book on the table. C. She runs fast. D. He is a teacher.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Identify the error in the sentence: "The committee have made their decision

A. Subject-verb agreement. B. Tense. C. Punctuation. D. Pronoun usage.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

What is the correct form of the verb in the sentence: "If she _____ harder, she would pass the exam

A. studies. B. study. C. studied. D. has studied.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Which of the following sentences uses a gerund correctly?

A. Swimming is my favorite sport.. B. I love to swim.. C. He swims quickly.. D. They are swimming in the pool..

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

What is the correct form of the verb in the sentence: "He suggested that she _____ the report

A. write. B. writes. C. wrote. D. writing.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Identify the type of punctuation used in the sentence: "Wow! That's amazing!"

A. Comma. B. Exclamation mark. C. Period. D. Semicolon.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence: "The teacher was _______ about the homework

A. ambiguous. B. clear. C. vague. D. precise.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Which of the following sentences contains a misplaced modifier?

A. She nearly drove her kids to school every day.. B. He saw the man with the telescope.. C. The dog barked loudly at the mailman.. D. The teacher gave a lecture on grammar..

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

What is the correct form of the verb in the sentence: "They would have arrived if they _____ the train

A. caught. B. catch. C. had caught. D. catching.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Which of the following sentences is an example of a complex sentence?

A. I like tea, and she likes coffee.. B. Although it was raining, we went for a walk.. C. The sun is shining.. D. He plays soccer on weekends..

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

What is the antonym of "arduous"?

A. Easy. B. Difficult. C. Challenging. D. Strenuous.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Identify the error in the sentence: "Everyone should bring their own lunch

A. Pronoun agreement. B. Subject-verb agreement. C. Tense. D. Punctuation.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Choose the correct form of the verb in the sentence: "She was _______ to finish her work

A. eager. B. eagerness. C. eagerly. D. eagerness to.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

What is the function of the word "although" in the sentence: "Although it was late, we continued working

A. Conjunction. B. Preposition. C. Interjection. D. Adverb.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Which of the following sentences uses the correct form of the verb?

A. He has went to the store.. B. He has gone to the store.. C. He has go to the store.. D. He gone to the store..

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

What is the correct form of the verb in the sentence: "If I _____ you, I would apologize

A. was. B. were. C. am. D. had been.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Identify the type of sentence: "Please pass the salt

A. Declarative. B. Interrogative. C. Imperative. D. Exclamatory.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

What is the antonym of "coherent"?

A. Confused. B. Logical. C. Clear. D. Rational.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence: "His behavior was _______ to the situation

A. incongruous. B. appropriate. C. fitting. D. suitable.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

What is the correct form of the verb in the sentence: "She wished she _____ the answer

A. knew. B. knows. C. had known. D. know.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Which of the following sentences contains a dangling modifier?

A. Running down the street, the dog barked.. B. After eating, the dishes were washed.. C. To improve his skills, he practiced daily.. D. While reading a book, the lights went out..

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

What is the antonym of "meticulous"?

A. Careless. B. Detail-oriented. C. Precise. D. Thorough.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Choose the correct form of the adjective: "This is the _____ solution to the problem

A. most effective. B. more effective. C. effective. D. effectiveness.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

What is the function of the word "which" in the sentence: "The book, which I borrowed, is fascinating

A. Conjunction. B. Relative pronoun. C. Adverb. D. Preposition.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Identify the error in the sentence: "He runs faster than me

A. Word choice. B. Pronoun case. C. Subject-verb agreement. D. Tense.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

What is the correct form of the verb in the sentence: "He _______ to the party if he had known

A. would go. B. would have gone. C. will go. D. goes.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Which of the following sentences is punctuated correctly?

A. It?s a beautiful day, isn?t it?. B. Its a beautiful day isn?t it.. C. Its a beautiful day, isn?t it?. D. It?s a beautiful day isn?t it..

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

What is the antonym of "fortuitous"?

A. Intentional. B. Accidental. C. Lucky. D. Serendipitous.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence: "The committee made a _______ decision

A. unanimous. B. unanimousness. C. unanimously. D. unison.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

What is the correct form of the verb in the sentence: "She suggested that he _____ the report

A. read. B. reads. C. reading. D. readed.

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Zaisha Shah ENGLISH - English Grammar & Composition

Identify the type of punctuation used in the sentence: "Wow! What a beautiful sunset!"

A. Comma. B. Exclamation mark. C. Period. D. Semicolon.

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shahzaib hassan BIOLOGY - Biology

Which of the following is responsible for the majority of ATP production in a eukaryotic cell?

A. Cytoplasm. B. Mitochondria. C. Ribosomes. D. Nucleus.

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Explanation

Mitochondria are like the power plants of the cell. They take in nutrients and oxygen and use them to produce energy (in the form of ATP) that the cell can use to function.

shahzaib hassan BIOLOGY - Biology

In the human body, which enzyme is primarily responsible for the digestion of proteins?

A. Amylase. B. Lipase. C. Pepsin. D. Lactase.

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Explanation

Pepsin is like a pair of scissors in the stomach that cuts long protein chains into smaller pieces so the body can absorb them. It works in the acidic environment of the stomach to break down proteins.

shahzaib hassan BIOLOGY - Biology

Which process describes the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane?

A. Diffusion. B. Osmosis. C. Active transport. D. Facilitated diffusion.

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Explanation

Osmosis is like water moving from a crowded room to an empty one, but it can only go through a special door (the semi-permeable membrane). The water moves to balance out the concentration on both sides.

shahzaib hassan BIOLOGY - Biology

What is the primary function of hemoglobin in the body?

A. Transporting nutrients. B. Carrying oxygen. C. Fighting infections. D. Digesting food.

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Explanation

Hemoglobin is like a bus that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Each hemoglobin molecule in red blood cells binds oxygen and delivers it to tissues that need it.

shahzaib hassan BIOLOGY - Biology

Which of the following best describes the function of tRNA during protein synthesis?

A. It synthesizes mRNA. B. It carries amino acids to the ribosome. C. It forms the ribosome. D. It catalyzes peptide bond formation.

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Explanation

tRNA is like a delivery truck that brings the right amino acids to the ribosome, which is where proteins are made. Each tRNA matches with a specific mRNA codon to add the correct building block to the growing protein.

shahzaib hassan BIOLOGY - Biology

What type of cell division results in the production of gametes?

A. Mitosis. B. Meiosis. C. Binary fission. D. Budding.

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Explanation

Meiosis is like cutting the number of chromosomes in half to prepare for the next generation. It makes sure that each sperm or egg cell has half the usual number of chromosomes so that when they combine during fertilization, the resulting offspring have the right amount.

shahzaib hassan BIOLOGY - Biology

Which part of the neuron is responsible for transmitting signals to other cells?

A. Dendrites. B. Axon. C. Soma. D. Myelin sheath.

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Explanation

The axon is like a long wire that carries messages (electrical impulses) from the body of the neuron to other cells. It helps the neuron communicate with other neurons, muscles, or glands.

shahzaib hassan BIOLOGY - Biology

What is the role of insulin in the human body?

A. Raises blood sugar levels. B. Lowers blood sugar levels. C. Breaks down proteins. D. Enhances lipid metabolism.

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Explanation

Insulin is like a key that opens the doors on cells, letting sugar (glucose) in. When blood sugar levels rise after you eat, insulin helps bring them back down by allowing the sugar to enter cells where it can be used for energy.

shahzaib hassan BIOLOGY - Biology

In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

A. G1 phase. B. G2 phase. C. M phase. D. S phase.

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Explanation

The S phase is like photocopying all the pages of a book before splitting the book into two. This is where the cell makes an exact copy of its DNA so that when it divides, each new cell will have a complete set of instructions.

shahzaib hassan BIOLOGY - Biology

Which of the following structures is responsible for the production of ribosomes?

A. Endoplasmic reticulum. B. Golgi apparatus. C. Nucleolus. D. Lysosome.

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Explanation

The nucleolus is like a factory inside the cell?s nucleus that builds ribosomes, which are tiny machines that make proteins. These ribosomes then leave the nucleus and do their job in the cytoplasm.

shahzaib hassan BIOLOGY - Biology

What type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together?

A. Covalent bonds. B. Ionic bonds. C. Hydrogen bonds. D. Peptide bonds.

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Explanation

Hydrogen bonds are like weak glue that holds the two strands of DNA together between the base pairs. They?re strong enough to keep the strands together but weak enough that they can be easily separated for replication or transcription.

shahzaib hassan BIOLOGY - Biology

Which organelle is primarily involved in detoxification and lipid synthesis?

A. Rough ER. B. Smooth ER. C. Golgi apparatus. D. Lysosome.

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Explanation

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is like a cleanup crew and a fat-making machine. It helps detoxify harmful substances and makes lipids, which are fats that cells need for membranes and other functions.

shahzaib hassan BIOLOGY - Biology

Which process results in the production of lactic acid during anaerobic respiration in humans?

A. Glycolysis. B. Krebs cycle. C. Electron transport chain. D. Fermentation.

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Explanation

Fermentation is like a backup plan when there?s no oxygen. In the absence of oxygen, cells break down glucose through glycolysis, but instead of going through the Krebs cycle, they convert pyruvate to lactic acid to produce energy.

shahzaib hassan BIOLOGY - Biology

What type of immunity involves the production of antibodies in response to an antigen?

A. Innate immunity. B. Active immunity. C. Passive immunity. D. Cellular immunity.

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Explanation

Active immunity is like training your body?s soldiers (the immune system) to recognize and attack a specific enemy (antigen). Your body makes its own antibodies to fight off infections after exposure to a disease or through vaccination.

shahzaib hassan BIOLOGY - Biology

Which hormone is responsible for regulating the sleep-wake cycle in humans?

A. Melatonin. B. Cortisol. C. Insulin. D. Glucagon.

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Explanation

Melatonin is like a natural sleep signal. When it gets dark, your brain releases melatonin to tell your body that it's time to go to sleep. It helps regulate your sleep-wake cycle, making you feel sleepy at night.

shahzaib hassan BIOLOGY - Biology

What is the primary function of the large intestine in the digestive system?

A. Absorbing nutrients. B. Breaking down food. C. Absorbing water. D. Producing bile.

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Explanation

The large intestine is like a sponge that absorbs water from the leftover food waste. Once most of the nutrients have been absorbed earlier in the digestive process, the large intestine helps form solid waste by removing water.

shahzaib hassan BIOLOGY - Biology

What is the primary role of B lymphocytes in the immune response?

A. Phagocytosis. B. Antibody production. C. Inflammation. D. Cell-mediated immunity.

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Explanation

B lymphocytes are like specialized soldiers that produce weapons (antibodies) to target and destroy specific invaders (pathogens). These antibodies bind to the pathogens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells.

shahzaib hassan BIOLOGY - Biology

Which of the following molecules serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

A. Oxygen. B. Glucose. C. NADH. D. Carbon dioxide.

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Explanation

Oxygen is like the finish line in a race. At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons and combines with hydrogen to form water. Without oxygen, the chain stops, and energy production is halted.

shahzaib hassan BIOLOGY - Biology

What structure in the human body is responsible for filtering blood and producing urine?

A. Liver. B. Lungs. C. Kidneys. D. Pancreas.

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Explanation

The kidneys are like filters that clean the blood by removing waste and extra water, which is then turned into urine. They help maintain the body?s balance of water, salts, and minerals.

shahzaib hassan BIOLOGY - Biology

What is the role of the myelin sheath in neurons?

A. It stores neurotransmitters. B. It generates action potentials. C. It insulates the axon and speeds up signal transmission. D. It receives signals from other neurons.

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Explanation

The myelin sheath is like the plastic coating around an electrical wire. It insulates the axon of the neuron and allows signals to travel faster, making communication between neurons quicker and more efficient.

shahzaib hassan CHEMISTRY - Chemistry

What is the molecular geometry of methane (CH4) according to VSEPR theory?

A. Trigonal planar. B. Tetrahedral. C. Linear. D. Octahedral.

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Explanation

The tetrahedral shape is like a pyramid with a triangular base, where the carbon atom sits in the middle and the four hydrogen atoms form the corners. This shape minimizes the repulsion between the four bonding pairs of electrons.

shahzaib hassan CHEMISTRY - Chemistry

Which of the following is an example of a strong acid?

A. Acetic acid. B. Hydrochloric acid. C. Ammonia. D. Water.

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Explanation

A strong acid, like hydrochloric acid, is like a superhero that gives away all of its protons in water. It dissociates completely, making the solution very acidic, while weak acids only give away some protons.

shahzaib hassan CHEMISTRY - Chemistry

What is the hybridization of the carbon atoms in ethene (C2H4)?

A. sp. B. sp2. C. sp3. D. sp3d.

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Explanation

The carbon atoms in ethene are like juggling three balloons ? they need three bonds in a flat shape. So, they use "sp2" hybrid orbitals, which combine one s orbital and two p orbitals, leaving one p orbital for the double bond.

shahzaib hassan CHEMISTRY - Chemistry

Which of the following molecules exhibits hydrogen bonding?

A. CH4. B. HCl. C. NH3. D. CCl4.

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Explanation

Hydrogen bonding is like a very strong handshake between molecules that have hydrogen attached to highly electronegative atoms like nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine. In NH3, the hydrogen bonds with nitrogen, making a strong connection.

shahzaib hassan CHEMISTRY - Chemistry

Which process describes the conversion of a liquid to a gas at a temperature below its boiling point?

A. Sublimation. B. Condensation. C. Evaporation. D. Freezing.

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Explanation

Evaporation is like when you leave a puddle of water on a sunny day, and it disappears even though it never boiled. The molecules with the most energy escape from the liquid into the air, turning into gas.

shahzaib hassan CHEMISTRY - Chemistry

What is the relationship between pressure and volume for a gas at constant temperature, according to Boyle's Law?

A. Directly proportional. B. Inversely proportional. C. Independent. D. Exponentially proportional.

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Explanation

Boyle's Law is like squeezing a balloon. When you press down (increase pressure), the balloon shrinks (volume decreases). The pressure and volume of a gas move in opposite directions when temperature stays the same.

shahzaib hassan CHEMISTRY - Chemistry

Which element has the highest electronegativity?

A. Fluorine. B. Oxygen. C. Chlorine. D. Nitrogen.

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Explanation

Electronegativity is like the element?s desire to steal an electron. Fluorine is the most ?greedy? element, meaning it attracts electrons more strongly than any other element on the periodic table.

shahzaib hassan CHEMISTRY - Chemistry

What is the major product when 2-butene undergoes hydrogenation in the presence of a platinum catalyst?

A. 1-butene. B. Butane. C. Butyne. D. Benzene.

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Explanation

Hydrogenation is like smoothing out wrinkles in fabric. The double bond in 2-butene is ?flattened? into a single bond, turning the molecule into butane, a saturated hydrocarbon.

shahzaib hassan CHEMISTRY - Chemistry

Which of the following salts is insoluble in water?

A. NaCl. B. KBr. C. AgCl. D. LiNO3.

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Explanation

Solubility in water is like trying to dissolve sugar in tea. Some salts dissolve easily, but AgCl doesn?t. It forms a solid precipitate because its ions don?t separate easily in water, unlike salts like NaCl.

shahzaib hassan CHEMISTRY - Chemistry

Which type of radioactive decay results in the release of an electron from the nucleus?

A. Alpha decay. B. Beta decay. C. Gamma decay. D. Positron emission.

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Explanation

In beta decay, it's like the nucleus of an atom suddenly ejects an electron (beta particle) to become more stable. A neutron in the nucleus turns into a proton, and the electron is released.

shahzaib hassan CHEMISTRY - Chemistry

What is the oxidation state of sulfur in sulfuric acid (H2SO4)?

A. 4. B. 6. C. -2. D. 0.

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Explanation

Oxidation state is like counting the charges sulfur carries. In H2SO4, sulfur has to balance the negative charges from the oxygen atoms, so it "gives away" six electrons, giving it an oxidation state of +6.

shahzaib hassan CHEMISTRY - Chemistry

Which of the following describes the process of reducing a ketone to an alcohol?

A. Oxidation. B. Reduction. C. Hydrolysis. D. Dehydration.

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Explanation

Reduction is like adding extra electrons to a molecule. In this case, you're adding hydrogen to a ketone, converting it into an alcohol. This process usually involves a reducing agent like NaBH4.

shahzaib hassan CHEMISTRY - Chemistry

What is the main characteristic of a buffer solution?

A. It changes pH drastically with added acid. B. It maintains a constant pH. C. It neutralizes only bases. D. It reacts violently with strong acids.

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Explanation

A buffer solution is like a shock absorber for pH. Even if you add a little acid or base, it keeps the pH stable because it contains both a weak acid and its conjugate base (or a weak base and its conjugate acid).

shahzaib hassan CHEMISTRY - Chemistry

Which gas law explains the relationship between temperature and volume at constant pressure?

A. Boyle?s Law. B. Charles? Law. C. Avogadro?s Law. D. Dalton?s Law.

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Explanation

Charles? Law is like a balloon in the sun ? as the gas inside heats up, the balloon gets bigger. It says that when the temperature of a gas increases, its volume also increases, as long as pressure stays constant.

shahzaib hassan CHEMISTRY - Chemistry

What is the coordination number of the central metal ion in the complex [Co(NH3)6]3+?

A. 3. B. 6. C. 4. D. 2.

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Explanation

The coordination number is like counting how many hands are holding onto the central metal. In this case, cobalt (Co) is held by six ammonia (NH3) molecules, so its coordination number is 6.

shahzaib hassan CHEMISTRY - Chemistry

Which of the following best describes a Lewis acid?

A. Donates electrons. B. Accepts electrons. C. Donates protons. D. Accepts protons.

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Explanation

A Lewis acid is like an empty seat waiting for someone to sit down. It accepts a pair of electrons, whereas a Lewis base is like the person offering the electrons to fill the seat.

shahzaib hassan CHEMISTRY - Chemistry

In a galvanic cell, what happens at the anode?

A. Oxidation. B. Reduction. C. Both oxidation and reduction. D. No reaction.

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Explanation

The anode is like a battery losing charge. In a galvanic cell, oxidation occurs at the anode, meaning electrons are lost and flow toward the cathode, where reduction happens.

shahzaib hassan CHEMISTRY - Chemistry

What is the empirical formula of a compound with 40% carbon, 6.7% hydrogen, and 53.3% oxygen by mass?

A. CHO. B. CH2O. C. C2H4O2. D. C3H6O.

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Explanation

The empirical formula is like a recipe with the simplest ingredients. This compound?s simplest ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen comes out to be CH2O, meaning for every carbon atom, there are two hydrogens and one oxygen.

shahzaib hassan CHEMISTRY - Chemistry

Which of the following processes occurs at the cathode in an electrolytic cell?

A. Oxidation. B. Reduction. C. Electrolysis. D. Decomposition.

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Explanation

In an electrolytic cell, reduction happens at the cathode, which is like gaining electrons. The electrons are added to ions or atoms, reducing them to a lower oxidation state.

shahzaib hassan CHEMISTRY - Chemistry

What type of intermolecular force is the strongest?

A. London dispersion forces. B. Dipole-dipole interactions. C. Hydrogen bonding. D. Van der Waals forces.

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Explanation

Hydrogen bonding is like a super strong handshake between molecules where hydrogen is involved with highly electronegative elements like oxygen or nitrogen. This makes the bonds stronger than other forces like dipole-dipole or dispersion.

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